In LSKM I have learnerd that there are three stages of development which are

1. psychosocial development by Erikson
2. Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Piaget's cognitive development theory emphasizes the idea that children learn through interacting with the world and that they create new information based on previous abilities and knowledge (prior knowledge). According to Piaget, acknowledging that children think differently than adults is one of the most crucial factors to address when discussing children's cognitive development. Foundation phase children, according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, are between the pre-operational (age 2-6) and the concrete operational (age 6-8) stages of cognitive development (age 7-1)

There is pre-operationa and concrete operational stage under piaget.

3. Zone of proximal development by vygotsky.

• Vygotsky's developmental theory draws attention to the socio-cultural factors that influence cognitive development and emphasises the importance of social interaction and language development.
• Vygotsk believed that the social environment influences cognition through tools and that adults teach these tools to children who then internalise these.

I also learnt about ways to incorporate music when planning a lesson whee by you should include the intoductionary phase,teaching phase and the conclusion of your lesson where by you will be able to reflect on what your leaenes learnt so far.

Planning a music lesson should include as many opportunities as possible for learners to engage with and actively listen to, move to, create/perform music. The CAPS for Creative Arts defines the following topics for performing arts in the foundation phase of a student's education:

• Creative games and skills
• Improvisation and interpretation

Things to keep in mind when planning a lesson.

• Music should always be played at the start and finish of a lesson.
• Never listen to music on YouTube or from recordings without a definite goal in mind.
•  Any music played in class must aid in the achievement of the lesson's objectives.
• When playing a music in class, tell students what they need to listen for or do while listening.
• Always provide guidance to students when they are listening to music
• Do not plan a lesson where learners only listen to music.
• The introduction should be simple

Characteristics of a well-planned lesson.

A well-planned lesson should have the following:

• Introduction
• Teaching and learning phase.
• Conclusion.

A well-thought-out instruction will organically evolve from lower to higher-order thinking levels. In the beginning learners to must engage in free movement, free play, and imitation activities (Bloom levels 1-2). Learners must explore, reflect on, and manipulate materials during the presentation phase in order to internalize new knowledge and abilities through play, exploration, cooperation, and reflection (talking about what they are discovering/experiencing) (Bloom levels 3-5). Finally, in the final phase, we want learners to use the arts to communicate their understanding by making and presenting an artwork, a musical performance, or a dramatized production (Bloom level 6). These concepts apply to all lessons, not just music instruction.

Music play in the foundation phase

Play is prevalent in numerous African cultures and in the broader African setting, where we frequently see characteristics of play when individuals participate in music and dance activities.

Three types of play in childrens culture

• Traditional: Rules are vital in traditional play. This style of play is set in stone. Many traditional children's games include rules that must be adhered to and are rarely broken.
• Open: Improvisation is a type of open play. Although open play involves rules, these can be adjusted based on the needs of the children while they are playing.
• Original: Original play is imaginative and centered on a sense of wonder. Original play is mostly a solo activity in which the player amuses himself with items, actions, and sounds.

Contributions of play in the classroom

• Musical play involves and develops senses and sensibilities, which are important for musicianship.
• Play provides an emotional outlet within the sense of communal belonging. Through play children develop a range of performance competencies: music, dance, drama, society, culture, history, politics and more.

Elements of play

Play is voluntary and unifying, forming part of the socialising process. Curiosity and creativity in play let's learner try something new and see what happens. Play blurs the lines between young/old; rich/poor; strong/weak and offer a safe space to explore socio-historical events.

• Play involves a state of mind and disposition
• Play contains elements of surprise and challenge
• Play involves a process, attitude, and structure
• Play involves aesthetic quality judgement by participants
• Play creates informal space for socio-historical comment
• Play reinforces societal role

What are music elements?

• Music elements are the fundamental components of music. We may make music by merging the different elements. Tone is a distinctive musical element that gives music its distinct sound and allows us to distinguish between music and noise.

The basic elements of music are

• duration (of tone) – including music concepts of beat, meter, rhythm and tempo
• pitch of tone
• intensity of tone
• quality of tone
• Texture

Definations of music elements

• Duration-refers to the duration of a sound in seconds. Some sounds are extended and continuous, while others are short and fleeting. Concepts like as beat, accent, note values, meter, rhythm, and tempo entail duration.
• Pitch of tone- Pitch means high or low. A MELODY is made up of high and low tones which are arranged in a linear succession. When children sing songs, it is immensely helpful if you can show the contour (the direction of the pitch) with your hands.
• Intensity of tone- refers to the tone's dynamics, or how loud or soft it is.
• Quality of tone- Every instrument has a distinct sound that is unique to that instrument. The tone quality is the term for this. If you close your eyes and hear someone playing the piano, you will instantly recognize it as a piano due to its distinct tone quality.
• Texture- refers to the thickness or thinness of sound.

This study unit focuses on value of arts integration in the subject Life Skills in the foundation phase, arts integration for the holistic development of the foundation phase learner; arts integration within inclusive, multicultural classrooms in the foundation phase;different strategies for arts integration in the foundation phase;  activities and lessons focused on arts integration for the subject Life Skills in the foundation phase

What is arts intergration

• Arts integration is a teaching method that emphasizes active participation in teaching and learning activities, as well as experiential learning, genuine learning, collaborative learning, problem-solving skills, and reflection. When planning arts integration activities, keep in mind that there must be a seamless integration of two or more subjects (e.g., music and visual arts; music and language; music and math; music and life skills) and that both subjects must be experienced and engaged with at the same time within an activity (Silverstein & Layne, 2010).

The value of arts integration in the foundation phase

• increases student motivation and improve academic achievement and socialization.
• Arts integration allows teachers to encourage and support learners' developmental needs while also allowing learners to participate in exciting teaching and learning activities that foster cooperation and connection while also promoting learners' natural curiosity, creativity, and imaginative talents.
• Arts integration can lead to transforming experiences for both instructors and students.
• It also promotes the teachers' and students' creative and imaginative capacities.

The first study unit focuses on the importance of music in the holistic development of foundation phase students. Erikson, Piaget, and Vygotsky all taught me that there are developmental stages for learners. One might inquire? what exactly is Holistic development?. The development of a child's intellectual ,mental, physical. emotional and social abilities so that he or she is capable of meeting the demands and challenges of everyday life is referred to as Holistic development. The skills are critical for success in professional fields of work.

The stages of development written by the aforementioned theorists are as follows: Erikson's psychosocial development stage. It emphasizes the importance of social interaction and learning relationships. Meaningful relationships are critical at this stage for learners to feel safe in their surroundings. Most children who go through this stage are between the ages of 5 and 11, and they develop a sense of pride in whatever they achieve, they rely on feedback from their teachers to boost their confidence, and receiving feedback boosts their self-esteem. If they do not receive compliments, they begin to doubt themselves, which leads to low self-esteem. Learners develop the ability to deal with challenges at this stage.

Piaget's cognitive development stage is divided into two stages: pre-operational and concrete operational. This theory emphasizes that children learn by interacting with their surroundings in order to incorporate new information into their existing knowledge. During the pre-operation, children think symbolically by representing objects with words and pictures. They are frequently egonentric. In the concrete operational stage  they start thinking about events that are logical.

Vigotsky's zone of proximal development focuses on sociocultural factors that influence cognitive development. It enables children to begin working independently without the assistance of a teacher.I've also learned about music skills such as response to sound, response to music, pitch, tonality, and harmony skills, rhythm skills, movement skills, and so on.