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keele pj	26136333
ngo m	25558293
khumalo p	24197639

outcome1

1.Decision- making has a brought meaning but basically meaning the process of choosing the most relevant choice out a variety of options.

2.

outcome2

1. The condition of certainty exists if the person making the decision is reasonably sure what are the alternatives and their outcomes. 

2. The condition of risk happens when the decision maker does not have enough information about the available alternatives but has a good idea of probability of the outcomes of the available information.

3. The condition of uncertainty exists when the outcomes are not known or the alternatives are not clear.

outcome3

1.  Routine = Standard Choices, made in response to well-defined and common problems and alternative solutions. often available in established rules, standard operating procedures, or computer software. employees may be tempted to make routine decisions (active inertia) in situations that actually call for
2. Adaptive or innovative decision making = Response to combinations of moderately unusual and fairly uncommon problems and alternative solutions Involve modifying and improving upon past routine decisions and practices, Convergence a business shift in which two connections with the customer that were previously viewed as competing come to be seen as complementary 
3. Innovative Decisions = Based on discovery, identification, and diagnosis of unusual and ambiguous problems and/or development of unique or creative alternative solutions incomplete and rapidly changing information

outcome4

outcome5

Political Model = Power of Stakeholders

1. describes the decision-making process in terms of the particular interests and goals of powerful external and internal stakeholders

• power refers to the ability to control or influence decisions and goals
• people with power can influence or control:
• the definition of the problem

• the choice of goals
• consideration of alternative solutions
• selection of alternative to be implemented
• actions and success of the organization

Rational Model = Seven-Step Process increases the likelihood of logical and optimal decision making   permits the maximum achievement of goals within the limitations of the situation

1. Step 1: Define and Diagnose the Problem
2. Step 2: Set Goals
1. Step 3: Search for Alternative Solutions
2. Step 4: Compare and Evaluate Alternative Solutions
3. Step 5: Choose Among Alternative Solutions 
4. Step 6: Implement the Solution Selected
5. Step 7: Follow Up and Control the Results