Group name:

UBUNTU S.S

 Members that participated in the activity:

Initial & Surname	Student number	Contribution
MR MALALELA	25287672	learning outcome 1
MS KHUMALO	27733270	learning outcome 3
CN SEBOTHOMA	27288730	Learning outcome 2
LL TSEKE	26551640	learning outcome 4
D KAU	28373472	Learning outcome 5

 

LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Define decision-making and explain the role of decision-making for managers and employees

Decision making it is a process that include, defining the problem, gathering information, generating alternatives and choosing the course of an action.

When trying to make a good decision, a person must weigh the positives and negatives of each option, and consider all the alternatives. For effective decision making, a person must be able to forecast the outcome of each option as well, and based on all these items, determine which option is the best for that particular situation.

The role of decision making for managers and employees it is base various types of decisions on the nature of the problem to be solved, possible solutions available and the degree of risk involved. 

2. Discuss the conditions of certainty, risk, and uncertainty under which decisions are made

Certainty, when the decision-maker is certain about what the alternatives are, what outcomes and conditions are associated with those alternatives. The decision-maker has measurable and reliable information to use for decision making.

Risk, the decision-maker has incomplete information about the alternative, but has a vision or calculated viewpoint of how the alternative will turn out in the future.

Uncertainty, the complexity of today’s workplace makes it hard for decision-makers to be sure or certain of their decisions. Here the decision-maker is not aware of the possible alternatives that they can use. In order to make their decision, they have to rely on their experiences and judgements.

3. Describe the characteristics of routine, adaptive, and innovative decisions

Routine decisions, these are standard decisions made in response to well-defined problems, with alternative solutions. They are governed by established standard procedures

Adaptive decisions, are decisions that are made in response to unusual problems or a combination of various problems. Usually involve modifying a past Routine decision and improving on it.

Innovative decisions, are decisions based on the discover, identification and diagnosis of a unique, ambiguous problems and the use of creative solutions to solve them. The solutions involve a range of interrelated decisions that are implemented over a period of time (months/years).

4. Explain how goals affect decision-making

Goals help to guide your decision-making, for example if you have a lot of work to do and want to complete it in three days, then you will decide on when exactly will your deadline be for the specific task. Goals are results to be attained, therefore, giving direction to decisions and actions. When a goal is changed or modified, the individual is engaging in the decision making process.

5. Differentiate between the rational, bounded rationality, and political models of decision-making.

Rational- A model that has 7 steps that individuals should follow so that their decisions will likely increase in logic and sound. This model allows the maximum achievements of goals within the limitations of the situation. The 7 steps associated with Rational model are

Step 1: Define and diagnose problem

Step2: Set goals

Step 3: Search for alternative solutions

Step 4: Compare and evaluate alternative solutions

Step 5: Choose from among alternative solutions

Step6: Implement the solution selected

Step7: Follow up and control.

The bounded rationality is the idea that we make decisions that are rational, but within the limits if the information available to us and our mental capabilities. It emphasises the limitations of rationality and this provide a clear picture of the daily decision making processes.

The Political model describes the particular goals of powerful internal and external stakeholders in the decision making processes.