• Which types of ion channels are found on the nerve cell membranes?

Voltage-gated channel

Ligand-gated channel

G-protein coupled receptor

• Name 3 differences between voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels.

Voltage-gated channels changes in membrane potential of the cell whereas Ligand-gated channels bind ligand(neurotransmitters) to ion channel.

Voltage-gated channels’ initial segments act on a much slower time scale to modulate the rate at which neurons are discharged whereas Ligand-gated channels activates typically in a brief (very quick) opening of the channels.

• Compare ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Ionotropic receptors	Metabotropic receptors
Consists of receptors that open and close certain ion channels.	Consists of 7- Transmembrane g-protein coupled receptors.
Causes the opening of channels.	Causes metabolic changes.
Does not form second messengers.	Forms second messengers.
Effects are shorter from ionotropic r-activation.	Metabotropic r-activation causes effects to last longer.

• Classify the CNS receptors into ionotropic and metabotropic and know the transduction mechanism of each receptor.

• Ionotropic: GABAᴀ (y-amino butyric acid), Nicotinic (Acetyl choline), EAA (Glutamate) and 5HT3 (Serotonin)
• Metabotropic:

There are 3 systems involved in metabotropic receptors.

1. 1. Adenylyl cyclase system- this system involves the ß1 + 2, D1 receptors for an effect to take place. The D2, α2,5-HTI A+B, M2 receptors cause an inhibitory effect
   2. Phospholipase C system- this system involves α1 5-HT2 M1, H1 are involved in the activation of this system.
   3. G-Protein-coupled receptors

• Explain the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP and give examples of each

EPSP-meaning 'excitatory postsynaptic potential'. This demonstrates that when such a pathway is invigorated, a depolarization impact happens. An illustration of this is when Acetyl choline animates the nicotinic receptors, the sodium channel is enacted, and a depolarizing impact is seen creating EPSP.

IPSP-meaning 'inhibitory postsynaptic potential'. At the point when such a pathway is invigorated, the postsynaptic layer is hyperpolarized inferable from the opening of the chloride channel and along these lines creating an IPSP. An illustration of this is with the GABAᴀ (y-amino butyric corrosive receptor which causes a specific opening of the chloride ion channel which brings about hyperpolarization and consequently IPSP.

• What is the role of calcium in the development of a synaptic potential?

Calcium is significant during the time spent synapse (NT) discharge. At the point when Calcium channels open Calcium races into the neuron terminal and afterward the vesicle containing the synapses are being delivered into the neurotransmitter where the NT ties to postsynaptic receptors (or Pre-synaptic = Negative input framework) for a further interaction.