Blog #3.5

Briefly explain what cystic fibrosis is and how Dornase alfa acts to solve the problem.

• It is a genetic metabolic disease that leads to decreased DNase 1 enzymes (responsible mor metabolism of mucus) that results in reduced secretions in various organs. It mainly attacks the alveoli in the lungs that leads to a sticky mucus build up as the body loses the ability to clear mucus. This affects gaseous exchange within the lungs. Dornase alfa hydrolyses proteins in the bronchial mucus to make them more fluid like to make it easier to cough out.

Briefly explain what neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is, what the general treatment strategies involve and how cortisone and exogenous surfactants solve the problem.

• It is a condition that is seen in premature babies, as they are born before the surfactants that cover their airways to allow gaseous exchange are not formed yet. This can lead to their lungs falling flat – leading to death. Giving oxygen is an important strategy to help, as well as mechanic ventilation as positive pressure. Cortisone and endogenous surfactants given prophylactically to mothers can solve this problem by stimulating premature maturation of the babies’ lungs such as surfactant formulation.

What is the role of oxygen therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?  What do the dangers of oxygen toxicity involve?

• Oxygen therapy is just to increase the blood oxygen levels of the baby to prevent hypoxia. Too much oxygen can damage the retina of the baby and can even lead to blindness.

Briefly explain what neonatal apnoea is and how the methylxanthines solve the problem.  Which methylxanthine is used?

• This occurs in new-borns and in premature babies. It is caused by incomplete development of the respiratory centre within the brain, leading to incomplete continuous stimulation of breathing. Thus, the baby repeatedly stops breathing and has a slowing of heartbeat for 15 seconds or longer.
• This can lead to hypoxia or neuronal (brain damage)
• Theophylline as a methylxanthine is used
• It works by stimulating the CNS to increase stimulation within the respiratory system, leading to less attacks.