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Participatory development approach and its critiques with South African example

The participatory development is a part of alternative theories which allow the society to create their own independence. Now this development involves the people's participation of the beneficiaries to implement development interactions. 

This development includes participation organisations which are the ones that will show whether people participate or not and it needs people take action for it to be successful. An example in SA is the community forums that were implemented to represent communities in which these people work with their local leaders to solve problems such as lack of water within the community, but this development is unlikely to succeed because it is considered red flag as people fight within themselves. Participation empowerment is encouraged by structural changes and access to resources as their empowerment strategy. 

The critiques of the development is that  culture of poverty is South Africa is making it difficult to implement development and those who are not participating (anticipaticipato