According to Kohler South Africa is facing a challenge of fresh water. This challenge is caused by the mixture of drought, water and feed shortages, poor breeding management practices, and limited animal welfare and health skills. Other factors that pose a challenge of fresh water are poor governance at departmental and municipal levels directly affects the functioning and management of these organisations. In South Africa managing water services one has to follow complicated processes that involves different organisations at national, provincial and municipal levels working together in a coordinated way.

According to Sarkodie and Adams there income inequality has a negative effect on access to electricity whereas income level and human development have a positive impact on access to electricity. The negative effect of political system on income inequality means that good governance environment reduces income inequality. Income inequality is found to reduce human development, as such, social protection policies that reduce poverty are essential to minimize the vulnerability to poverty. The study highlights that the effective promotion of labour markets and the improvement of socio-economic capacity to manage unemployment, infirmity, and disability will decrease income inequality, hence, promote human development.