The four factors that constitute development are:

1. Growth and structural change.

It focuses on how different economic classes( such as less developed, developing and developed countries) get their main income. The main income for less developed countries they generate their main income from primary sector(e.g farming), while the developing countries generate their main income from secondary sectors ( e.g manufacturing) and lastly the developed countries generate their main income from tertiary sector( e.g businesses like banks). For instance South Africa is a developing country, whereby its main source of income comes from extracting the raw materials( primary sector) and from manufacturing food (secondary sector ).

2. Modernisation.

When new and advanced technologies are embraced by a nation, then it is considered that a country is modernised. For example South Africa has to embrace the fourth industrial revolution, so that the country will be able to stabilise the economy.

3. Demographic Transitions.

Improvements in hygiene and sanitation lead to lower death rates and this can result in growth. For instance even though they is a shortage in resources provided by the government for sanitation but the government provides those resources to try and reduce the sanitation problem.

4. Improvements in education and health.

Education is important for growth and development. Education and health have the ability to play an important role in a country's growth, as they are critical to the accumulation of human resources and the development process. For example if the educational system in South Africa improves then people will gain more skills, so that the country can get whatever goods and services they need and not import goods from other countries.