1.​​​​ It is chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases which includes bronchial asthma, emphysema and chronic                 bronchitis. It causes limited airflow, poor gaseous exchange, anxiety, hypoxia and death.

2. Chronic bronchitis – The cause is unknown. It is a non-specific obstructive airway disease which is associated with exposure to irritants. The signs and symptoms include mucus hypersecretion, reduced mucociliary clearance, regular bacterial infections and structural changes in the bronchial walls. A chronic cough is also developed.

Emphysema – It consists of a non-reversible dilation of the bronchiole and alveoli due to the structural damage of the bronchial walls. Air is caught in the respiratory space of the lungs and is exhaled with difficulty which disrupts the ventilation of the lungs. A decrease in the capillary blood vessel provision further disrupts the gas exchange.

3. Anticholinergic drugs (ipratropium), B2 agonists, methylxanthines (theophylline), corticosteroids, oxygen inhalation therapy and antibiotics and surgery may be required.

4. The bronchodilatory effect that is achieved in chronic bronchitis by ipratropium is much better than the one in bronchial asthma.

5. It improves diaphragm contractility, reduces diaphragm exhaustion and improves the ventilatory response.

 6. It is to improve the airflow in COPD sufferers and help with ventilation so that it is not difficult to breathe.