• definition of copd 

a group of lung disease that block airflow and make it difficult to breath

• pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and empysema

- chronic bronchitis

Non -specific obstructive airway disease, characterized by: •  Mucus secretion •  mucosal clearance • Frequent bacterial respiratory infections • Structural changes in bronchial walls • Chronic cough due to sticky mucus

- empysema

Often develops due to smoking and irritants • Emphysema is Irreversible dilation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli due to structural damage • Air is trapped in lungs - difficult exhalation Capillary blood vessels - impede gas exchange

• therapy included in treatment of copd patient

smoking ceassation, bronchodilators , corticosteroid , methylxanthine ,oxygen , surgery

• why is ipratropium more effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis than in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

ipratropium has a slight anti-inflammatory effects( it also had antimuscarinic effects hence it will have relaxation of muscles  and chronic bronchitis is inflammation on the lining of the bronchial tubes.

• in which do the skeletal muscle effects on the theophylline have an advantage on COPD ?

increases the contraction of the diaphragm in skeletal muscles ,which improves ventilation capacity in copd patients

• oxygen is used to provide oxygenation in patient who could not properly breath on their own