• general causes of rhinorrhea and rhinitis

-commo cold

-sinusitis

-allergen exposure 

- physiological reaction to stimuli such as heat , smoke , cold or other irritants

• groups that can be use for treatment of rhinorrrhoea ? name eexamples of each group

anti-microbial- mupirocin

alpha 1 agonist ephedrine

antihistamine- diphenhydramine

corticosteroid- betamethasone

anti-allergic - sodium cromoglycate 

mycolytics - mesna

diverse drugs- saline

• how do decongestant differ in terms of moa and duration of action . how they administered

moa: sympathomimetic effect , alpha agonist , cause vasoconstriction of mucosal blood vessel and lead to a decrease in oedema of the nasal mucosa

duration - last up to 12 hours , do not administer after 4 pm , do not use for more than 5-7 days

they are administered topically by metered dose spray

• what is rhinitis medimentosa? and how is it treated ?

is condition that develops due to the chronic treatment by decongestant , where it damages the mucosal membrane , causing a permanent  vasoconstriction of poor local blood supply that lead to permanent swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa

treated by ceasing the usage of decongestant , and use corticosteroid therapy for the reversal of privinism.

• how does the first and second generation of histamine differ with mechanism and advantage of the second 

first generation block the muscarinic receptor, anti- muscarinic drugs reduces the upper and lower secretion of airways ,thus they are used in cold preparation to clear cold rhinorrhea

second generation do not block the muscarinic drugs  used in treatment of allergic rhinitis

histamine takes no pat but the bradykinin does

advantage- have CNS effects ,low cases of sedation

• -corticosteroid are acceptable for  allergic rhinitis
• -anti-allergic acceptable when they are being used prophylactically 
• mesna dissolving sticky and thick mucus 
• normal saline acceptable when humidifying dry and swollen mucus