1. Which types of ion channels are found on the nerve cell membrane?

• Voltage-gated ion channel
• Ligand-gated ion channel

2. Name 3 differences between voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels.

Voltage-gated ions occur due to changes(imbalances) of membrane potential, transmits signal from cell body to nerve terminal and has ions therefor there are ion channels that regulate the membrane potential. Ligand-gated ions involves binding of ligand(such as a neurotransmitter) to an ion channel, converts extracellular chemical signals into electrical information and can be either ionotropic or metabotropic according to their actions.

3. Compare ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Ionotropic receptors are responsible for opening of ion channels directly to induce an effect and metabotropic undergoes metabolic changes for 2nd messages to be activated to then induce an effect.

4. Classify the CNS receptors into ionotropic and metabotropic and know the transduction mechanism of each receptor

5. Explain the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP and give examples of each.

An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) is a depolarizing current that causes membrane potential to become more positive and closer to threshold example: GABA and benzodiazepines.

An inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) is a hyperpolarizing current that causes membrane potential to become more negative and further away from the threshold. 5-HT₃ and nicotine

6. What is the role of calcium in the development of a synaptic potential?

Calcium acts a source of mineral which is essential for inducing  an action potential.