Thank you for taking the time to read my blog this evening. I apologize for not publishing about theorists and their theories sooner, as I promised a few weeks ago.

Going through the theories of three different theorist  I've learnt a lot that I'd want to share with you. Three distinct theorists and their theories have been introduced to me .

1^st Theory : Erikson theory of Psychological development

• The emphasis of the concept is on influencing social interaction and relationships. In order to feel safe, respected, supported, and cared for in their learning environment, learners require meaningful interactions.
• According to Erikson's psychological development theory, foundation phase learners in the 4th stage of industry vs inferiority (ages 5-11) begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and talents through interactions and relationships.
• Teachers play an essential role in students' lives by providing appropriate extrinsic motivation and encouragement in order to foster a sense of competence and improve self-esteem and confidence.

2^nd Theory : Piaget Cognitive development 

• According to the theory, learners learn through interacting with the world and acquiring new information by applying existing skills and knowledge.
• According to Piaget, one of the most important aspects to consider when addressing children's cognitive development is to understand that children think differently than adults.

The following are the two phases of cognitive development:

1.Pre-operational stage ( Age 2-6).

• During the pre-operational developmental phase, children tend to think symbolically, and as a result, they use words and images to represent objects.
• During this time, children may convey themselves and knowledge through play, sketching, mimicking, images, and speech.
• Pre-operational children are usually selfish and have a hard time appreciating the viewpoints of others since they presume that everyone thinks the same way they do.
• During the pre-operational stage, children have difficulty with reverse reasoning, which means they have trouble starting with an end product and “repurposing” the processes necessary to get there.

2. Concrete operational stage

• During the concrete operational stage of cognitive development, children develop their ability to reason logically about concrete events, as well as their ability to deal with concerns of conservation and reversibility.
• During the concrete operational stage, children generally get more proficient at thinking about other people's needs, feelings, and perspectives, and so become less selfish .
• Around the age of seven, children begin to perceive and understand that their own thoughts, feelings, and perspectives are unique to them, and that not everyone will share their viewpoints in a given situation. As educators, we must encourage students in the foundation phase to understand and respect the viewpoints of others.
• Something that can easily be achieved through music by legitimately presenting a wide range of music genres and activities in order to draw attention to a wide range of musical preferences, performance styles, and global viewpoints.

3^rd Theory : Vygotsky and zone of proximal development

• By concentrating on the socio-cultural factors that impact cognitive development, Vygotsky's developmental theory stresses the importance of social interaction and language development.
• According to Vygotsky, it is difficult to fully grasp a child's learning needs and developmental stage without considering the child's social environment and the influence of social factors on a personal level.
• Vygotsky believed that symbols connected to symbols and tools like as language, counting, and writing are mastered and communicated through symbols, and that these abilities are an important component of self-regulatory capacities.
• One of Vygotsky's most notable elements of his cognitive development theory is the concept of a zone of proximal development, which is defined as "the gap between the actual developmental level (stage) as indicated by autonomous problem solving and the level (stage) of potential growth as assessed by problem-solving and the degree of prospective adult and peer assistance."

That's everything for today; I'll be back tomorrow with another topic, this time on holistic growth. For now, let us call it a day and have a wonderful evening.