1. Vygotsky's developmental theory  shows how interaction of interpersonal( social) cultural-historical a nd individual  factors do not only explain how we learn in the company of others, but is at the heart of child development. It influence cognitive development and emphasise the significance of social interaction and language development. He belived that knowledge is co-constructed between 2 or more people, so it cannot be dissociated from it's context and believed that thinking is mastered and transferred through symbols and tools such as language, counting and writing . ZOP draws attention  to potential that a learner has to master a new skill and solve problems successfully through peer and teacher scaffolding.  Vygotsky emphasise the importance of reciprocal teaching which draws  attention to the significance of social interaction and scaffolding  with the aim of developing self-directed learners. Cooperative and discovery learning is important as it motivates learners to discover, solve problems independently and together engage actively with the new content, skill and working with peers in social context. 

 

2.Erickson- Erokson's developmental  theory for the stages of psychosocial  development draws focus to the influence of social interaction and relationship learning. Meaningful relations are vital to make our learners feel safe, loved, supported and valued  in the classroom. Children relies on feedback from parebts, teachers and peers to make them feel confident about their achievements (extrinsic motivation). The more you praise them the more they do good, the less you praise them the more they lack confidence and doubt themselves.

Piaget. Emphasise the notion that children learn by interacting with the world and that they build new knowledge based on the existing knowledge (prior knowledge). He believed that children  think differently than adults and create their own knowledge through what they experience socially through interacting with their physical environment. The knowledge that children create tlhe called them 'schemas'. He have 4 stages of development.

a) The sensorimotor stage- From birth to 2 year. The child is egocentric.

b) The preoperational stage- From 2-7 years. The child learns through pretend play, symbolic play, drelawings and mental imagenary.

c) Concrete operational stage- 7-12 years. Children develop their ability to think logically about concrete events. Solve problems related to conservation and reversibility.

d) Formal operational stage- 12-15 years (adolescence) children learn through abstract reasoning.

Vygotsky- Draws attention  to the social cultural factors that influence cognitive development and therefore emphasise the importance of social interaction. Motivates the importance of utilising collaboration learning  and peer scaffolding in the classroom. One of the concept he use is  Zone of proximal development. 

 

3. Holistic wducation aims to assist learners to reach full potential and lead a productive life. It may bw dilefined as education that goes beyond the classroom to develop the intellectual emotional, social, physical, creative or intuitive aesthetic and spiritual potential (Hare. 2010:3).

Physical- develop both gross and fine motor skills as well as hand-eye coordination. Dancing develop balance, bodily awareness, gross and motor skills. 

Cognitive music education enhance attentiveness, multitasking and promotes numeracy and literacy skills Expand vocabulary and promotes higher-order thinking skill, abstract and logical reasoning.

Social- develop learners communication skills from new relations and promotes social interaction with peers. 

Personal development- participating with peers making own instruments, gaining confidence and believing in themselves.

Emotional- learn to identify different emotions. They will be able to express themselves and how they feel appropriately.

 

4. Music development 

Develop the ability to selectively listen, have higher-level learning skill and it allowas learners to focus on specific music aspects. Assists and cultivates a sense of wholeness on learners. It enhance cognitive skills and also foster holistic development.

 

5. Perfoming, reading, creating, describing and listening to music are all activities. Singing songs, musical games, body percussion, dance and movement and playing rhythmic patterns on non-melodic instruments.