STUDY UNIT 3.2

1. Give your own definition of COPD.

COPD is comprised of different degrees and combinations of bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema which in turn limits air flow and has poor gaseous exchange.

2. Briefly describe the proposed aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Chronic bronchitis is a non-specific airway disease which is characterised by, an increase in mucus secretion and a decrease of mucus clearance. It is alos characterised by frequent bacterial respiratory infections and a chronic cough due sticky mucus.

Emphysema is developed by smoking and irritants. It is an irreversible dilatation of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli due to structural damage. We find that air is trapped in the lings which makes it difficult exhalation.

3. Which types of therapy are included in the treatment of a COPD patient?

Treatment of COPD incused to stop smoking. In the event of a bacterial infection developing, immunization against influenza and broad-spectrum antibiotics is recommended. Bronchodilators are used in the event of airway obstruction. In mucus secretion dilate mucus with rehydration and steam and in hypoxia oxygen inhalation is key. Light to moderate exercise will help in poor lung capacity.

4. Why is Ipratropium more effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis than in the treatment of bronchial asthma?

Beta-sympathomimetics can improve mucociliary clearance. Ipratropium inhalation is currently the first line of drug treatment for COPD, the bronchodiatory effect is better achieved with beta-sympathomimetics.

5. In which way do the skeletal muscle effects of theophylline have advantages in the treatment of COPD?

Theophylline improves the contraction function of the diaphragm, improves cardiac contractions and increases ventilatory capacity.

6. What is the role of oxygen therapy in COPD?

The combination of beta-sympathomimetic, ipratropium and Theophylline may help bring relief to the patient but if the above medications do not work, corticosteroids. Most of the time however, corticosteroids are ineffective and this is where oxygen therapy maybe put into play to assist the patient. Oxygen therapy is also used used in the treatment of Hypoxia.