1. Voltage-gated and Ligand-gated ion channels 

2. Voltage-gated ion channels respond to changes in the membrane potential of a cell, it transmits a signal to the nerve terminal and it includes Ca²⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ ion channels whereas ligand-gated channels work by binding the ligand neurotransmitter (NT) to the ion channel, is an ionotropic receptor and can be found both presynaptic and postsynaptic.  

3. Ionotropic receptors bind directly to the receptor and opens the ion channels. Metabotropic receptors on the other hand doesn't bind directly to the receptor but is a G-protein-coupled receptor that releases secondary messengers thus opening the ion channels. 

4.  Ionotropic receptors include: GABA_A, Nicotinic, EAA and 5-HT₃ receptors.

Metabotropic receptors work with 2 transduction systems, these are: Adenylyl cyclase systems and Phospholipase C systems. 

In the Adenylyl  Cyclase System, the receptors are positively and negatively bound. The positively bound receptors include: β₁₊₂ and D_1. These receptors stimulates the formation of secondary messengers. The negatively bound receptors, on the other hand, includes: D2, α₂, 5-HT_1A+B and M_2. These receptors suppresses the formation of cAMP. 

In the Phospholipase C system, the receptors are only positively bound. These receptors include: α₁, 5-HT2, M₁, H_1. 

5. EPSP is generated by the opening of Na⁺ or Ca²⁺ channels whereas IPSP is generated by opening of K⁺ or Cl^-. 

6. Calcium causes a change in the action potential of the presynaptic membrane which in turn releases the neurotransmitters needed to cause an effect in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus, calcium is an essential part of producing a synaptic potential.