1. Which type of ion channels are found on the cell nerve membrane?

• ligand-gated channels 
• voltage-gated channels 

 

2. Name 3 differences between voltage gated and ligand-gated channels.

Voltage gated is indirect where ligand gated is direct.

Voltage gated changes the potential of the membrane of the cell where ligand gated channels binds to ion 

Voltage gated is channels for Sodium, Potassium and Calcium where with ligand the channels only opens when it is binded.

 

3. Compare ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.

Inotropic : the neurotransmitter binds to the ionotropic receptor which opens the ion channels. There is no second messangers involved in this process. 

Metabotropic: neurotransmitter binds to receptor and links a G-protein that activates second messangers that opens the ion channels. This effects last longer due to the G-protein that is involved.

4. Classify the CNS receptors into ionotropic and metabotropic and know the transduction mechanism of each receptor.

Metabotropic:

*Adenielsiklase:

• Beta 1 and beta 2
• D1
• D2
• mGlu 1
• M2 and M4
• Alpha 2
• 5-HT A and B

*Phospholipase:

• H1
• M1,3,5
• mGlu8
• Alpha 1
• 5-HT 2

 

Inotropic:

• Serotonin
• Ach
• Glutamate
• GABA

 

5. Explain the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP and give eg of each.

EPSP

1. Post synaptic potential activation
2. eg. Hyperpolarization takes place after the neurotransmitter binds to the GABA because of the open chloride channels 

IPSP

1. Inhibits the post synaptic potential
2. eg. Depolarization of the post synaptic potential takes place when the neurotransmitter binds to the glutamate receptor and the Sodium and Calcium channels open up.

 

6. What is the role of calcium in the development of a synaptic potential?

Calcium is needed to generate a potential via the calcium ion channels.