ALEXIA DUARTE
1. Cold, allergies, physical damage, drug or chemical damage.
2. Alpha- antagonist- phenylephrine, corticosteroids- betamethasone, antihistamines- Loratadine, antibiotics- mupirocin, mucolytics- mensa, mast cell stabilizers- ketoifen.
3. Decongestants cause vasoconstricion of mucosal blood vessels that reduces oedema of nasal mucosa. Local Decongestants have fewer SE eg oxymetazoline (drops). Short acting drugs have a duration of 4 to 6 hours, intermediate acting drugs have a 8 to 10 hour duration and long acting drugs have a 12 hour duration.
4. Rhinitis medicamentosa is the permanent vasoconstriction that has a poor local blood supply leading to the damage of mucosa membranes in the nose and gives permanent swelling and inflammation. Xylomethazoline may only be used for a few days cause rhinitis medicamentosa may develop.
5. 1st gen, used for rhinorrhea, 2nd gen used for allergic rhinitis. 2nd gen doesn't block muscarinic receptors and doesn't cause sedation like the first gen.
6. Corticosteroids- used for allergic rhinitis, administration is topical, anti-allergic drugs- prophylactic treatment of allergic rhinitis given as a nasal spray. Mensa- makes mucus a liquid given as a nasal spray. Normal salt solution- nasal lavage.
3.2
5 Nov 2021, 09:00
1. COPD has a different degree of combinations such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This limits the limit air flow as well as gaseous exchange.
2. Chronic bronchitis is a non-specific COPD that is characterised by increased mucus secretion, decreased mucociliary clearance, regular bacterial respiratory infections, structural changes in bronchial walls and a chronic cough due to thick mucus.
Emphysema is often developed from smoking and irritants. Irreversible widening of respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. Air is trapped in lungs which equals difficult expiration. A decreased capillary blood vessels. Impededs gaseous exchange.
3. Treatment includes stop smoking. You may develop bacterial infection such as influenza immunization and broad spectrum antibiotics which can be treated with tetracycline, amoxicillin, ampicillin erythromycin. In the airflow obstruction give bronchodialtors. In mucus secretion dilate mucus with rehydration and steam. In hypoxia give oxygen inhalation. In poor lung capacity light moderate exercise will help.
4. Beta-sympathomimetics can improve mucociliary clearance. Ipratropium inhalation is currently the first line of drug treatment for COPD, the bronchodiatory effect is better achieved with beta-sympathomimetics.
5. Theophylline improves the contraction function of the diaphragm, further improves cardiac contractions and improves ventilatory capacity.
6. The combination of beta-sympathomimetic, ipratropium and Theophylline may help bring relief however corticosteroids may be given if the above medications don't work. Corticosteroids are mostly ineffective so if needed oxygen therapy should be given.