Water challenge according to Kohler
It is the mean annual evaporation that varies between 800mm and 2,000mm exceeding the annual rainfall substantially in some areas of the country. South Africa is ranked as the 30th driest country in the world with a mean annual precipitation of 450mm, just over half the world average of 860mm

Energy challenge according to Sarkodie and Adams
Access to modern energy is considered as a precondition for sustainable development, eradication of poverty and inequality, and consequently the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals and inadequate access and availability of electricity aggravate poverty, inequality and hampers government revenues. Access to modern energy technologies is expansive.

Social Justice according to Calma
Social justice is a complex construct with varying interpretation of 'social justice'. Human rights have been incorporated into the understanding into the understanding of social justice as constructor

Environmental social justice according Rathzel
It is the the specific form of social justice which aims to address equity and fairness linked to injustice that stem from environmental problems.

Wetland problem use to alleviate poverty
South African wetlands are predominantly related to the fluvial work. It plays a major role in water supply by providing water purification, flood control, habitat for biodiversity and other ecosystem services and goods.

State of the environment
Given the South African history of racial discrimination and poor service delivery it is not surprising to find unevenness in the distribution, consumption access to and use of energy, especially in low-income urban and rural area, generally electricity consumption patterns in low-income areas are very low. The cost and availability of energy sources determines consumption patterns