The major distinction between dependency theory and modernization theory is that dependency theory focuses mostly on impoverished and undeveloped countries, whereas modernization theory focuses primarily on affluent and developed ones. In sociology, dependency theory and modernization theory are two conflicting views.

Dependency theory; Individual nations, their function as suppliers of raw materials, cheap labor, and markets for expensive manufactured goods from industrialized countries were the focus of dependency theory. The weak economic growth was attributed to the unequal exchange relationship between developed and developing countries.

Modernization theory; Modernization is a model for a gradual shift from a "pre-modern" or "traditional" society to "modern" society. Modernization theory strives to describe the process of social evolution as well as identify the social variables that contribute to social growth and development.