3.2.1) COPD - Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases is diseases that consist of the different combinations and degrees of Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchial Asthma.

3.2.2) The aetiology of chronic bronchitis is that is is caused mostly by the exposure to pollutants etc. cigarette smoke, dust and/or chemicals that is inhaled. This causes the bronchial lining to become inflamed, if there is constant/regular exposure to these pollutants it can cause structural damage, which leads to structural change in the bronchial walls. 

The pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis is thought to be caused by overproduction and hypersecretion of mucus by goblet cells. Epithelial cells lining the airway response to toxic, infectious stimuli by releasing inflammatory mediators and eg pro-inflammatory cytokines.

The aetiology of emphysema is that it is very often caused due to long term exposure to smoking and irritants, which damage your lungs.

The pathophysiology of emphysema is thought to be caused by irreversible widening of the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli due to the structural damage. The air gets trapped in the lungs which makes it difficult for expiration, which causes a decrease in capillary blood vessels and that impedes the gaseous exchange. 

3.2.3.) 

• 1. Self management to stop smoking 
• 2. Treatment for bacterial infection with antibiotics or a shot. 
• 3.  Treatment for bronchial obstructions with bronchodilators. 
• 4.  Treatment for mucus secretion with mucus dilators.
• 5.  Treatment for hypoxia with Oxygen.
• 6.  Treatment for poor lung capacity with light to moderate exercise.

3.2.4)  That is because Ipratropium is a M3 receptor blocker that prevents Ach to bind which cases bronchodilation and smooth muscle relaxation. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition in response to, Ipratropium does not have any anti-inflammatory factors and is thus more suitable for the treatment of COPD's because it is not an inflammatory condition/reaction. 

3.2.5)  Theophylline causes smooth muscle relaxation which aids in the treatment of COPD because it helps relax the muscles in the lungs and chest which helps to breath easier.

3.2.6)  When you have a COPD you have poor lung function along with poor gaseous exchange which can lead to hypoxia. The treatment with Oxygen helps to relieve the hypoxia and helps you breath a bit easier.