3.4.1) The cause of Rhinitis and Rhinorrhea is commonly result of allergy, cold, chemicals or physical damage.

3.4.2)  Corticosteroids - Bethamethasone 

Antihistamine - Loratadine  

Mycolytics - Acetylcystiene 

Anti-infectives - Neomycin]

Decongestants - Phenylephrine 

Divers agents - Steam 

Anti-allergics - Sodium cromoglycate 

3.4.3)  Decongestants mechanism of action is that they are sympathomimetic agents and alpha1 agonists which causes vasodilation of the mucosal blood vessels. They also cause a decrease is oedema of nasal mucosa. 

They are administered orally or as a topical spray.

They have a duration of action of 4-6h for short acting and 12h for long acting.

3.4.4) Rhinitis medicamentosa (RM) is a condition induced by overuse of nasal decongestants. The term RM, also called rebound or chemical rhinitis, is also used to describe the adverse nasal congestion that develops after using medications other than topical decongestants.

For the treatment the first step is to stop using the nasal spray. Abruptly stopping it, however, can sometimes lead to greater swelling and congestion. Your doctor may recommend gradually decreasing your use of the medication. If your congestion is mild, your doctor may recommend a saline nasal spray.

3.4.5)  The first-generation antihistamines are multipotent competing antagonists and they block M - receptors. Antimuscarinic drugs reduce the secretions of both the upper and lower airways and are, therefore, frequently included in preparations for colds to clear up rhinorrhoea.  They can, however, cause sedation and therefore negatively influence the ability to concentrate. The second-generation antihistamines do not block muscarinic receptors and are useful in the long-term or short-term treatment of allergic rhinitis. Because histamine plays no part in cold rhinitis (but bradykinin does) these drugs do not help to clear up cold rhinitis. They also do not cross the blood/brain barrier and thus rarely cause sedation

3.4.6)  Corticosteroids - They are used as a nasal spray and are valid for the use/treatment for allergic rhinitis, inflammatory rhinitis, reversal rhinitis and nasal polyps  

Anti-allergic drugs - They are used as nasal spray and are valid just before exposure to a known allergen (eg, animal, occupational). Begin treatment 1-2 weekks before pollen season and continue daily to prevent seasonal allergic rhinitis.

Mesna - It is administered topically via a nasal spray. and is valid for the treatment of patients who have sticky mucous that is difficult to clear.

Normal Salt solution - It is administered topically via nasal drops and is valid for the used to humidify the dry, inflamed mucous membranes in the nasal passages. It is used to treat these dry, inflamed mucous membranes which occur during colds, dry weather, allergies (such as hay fever), nose bleeding, and overuse of decongestants and other irritations.