1. what are the general cause of rhinitis & rhinorrhea?

Rhinitis is linked to cold & flu, it is inflammation of the nasal cavity. Mucosal rhinitis is linked to sinusitis. Allergic rhinits is linekd to allergen exposure & IgE. Non-allergic is the physiological reaction.

 

2. Which drugs can be used for the treatment of rhinorrhea?

• Mast cell stabilizer -> ketotifen
• Alpha1 agonist -> naphozoline
• Moculytic -> Mesna
• Antihistamine -> Loratadine
• Diversdrugs -> Saline
• Antibiotics -> Neomycin
• Corticosteriods -> beclomethasone

 

3.  How do decongestants differ with respect to the MOA & duration of action ? How are they administered typically?

Vasoconstriction of mucosal blood vessels, which decreases oedema of the nasal mucosa. topical de congestants have fewer side effects than drops, drops can also end up the GIT. the short acting drugs have a 4-6 hour duration, the intermediary acting 8-10 hours & the long- acting have a duration of 12 hours. They are mainly direct acting drugs, mixed action drugs.

4. what is rhinitis medicamentosa ? How is it treated?

May present following chronic treatment with decongestants. Permanent vasoconstriction with poor local blood supply that leads to damage of mucosa membranes of the nose with permanent inflammation & swelling & deregulation of the A-adrenergic receptorson the blood vessels, making them unresponsive to alpha-agonists.

5. How does the first & second gen of antihitamines differ with respectto the mech. according to which rhinits & rhinorrheoa are relived? What are the advantages of the second gen ? Why should they not be used to relieve cold rhinitis?

There is contraversy, however, about the use of antihistamine for the treatment of rhinorrhoea during colds. Bradykinin is the medator of inflmaation here. There is, therefore no rationale for the application of the antihistamine characteristics of the ANTIHISTAMINE. It is however true that the old gen histamines are used for cold rhinorrhoea in view of their antimuscarinic characteristics to dry all watery secretions.

 

6. When are corticosteroids, anti-allergic drugs, mesna & normal salt solutions valid & how are they administered?

Topical mesna is especiall meaningful to use when the nasal secretion is sticky.

Sodium chromoglycate as a nasal spray for prophylactic treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Normal salt is very safe as nose drops