According to Buckle's premise the environment is the critical factor for the nations to flourish. He talks about the modern times and the early times saying some of the Eastern nations are having fertile soil, rain and warm weather while the Northern  nations are innovative and industrious to survive the cold and they are producing a large quantity of food. For example in South Africa there are some parts that have fertile soil and produce large quantity of food and those part that the climatic conditions are not suitable for producing food.

According to Robert Park the ecological model was rejected in society due to functionalism because it was rejected by the theory of climate, biology and physics.  The challenges that many societies face in South Africa its the quality of the water and the shortage of water, for example there are some rural areas where there is no water and people use the river water which is polluted and it may leads to diseases like cholera and the bacterial diseases. So the communities faces a a huge problem when it comes to water as it is essential to living. 

 so it is social resilience because the people are expected to adjust to the threats that impact their lives a lot. and to many communities it is not social justice because there is no equality in accessing the equality when it comes to service delivery to many communities.