1)  Describe briefly what SA's water challenge is according to Kohler and what is the energy challenge is according to Sarkodie and Adams.

Water is a vital natural resource, demanding careful management. It is essential for life and integral to virtually all economic activities, including energy and food production and in the production of industrial outputs. The availability of clean water in sufficient quantities is not only a prerequisite for human health and well-being but the life-blood of freshwater ecosystems and the many services that these provide. Water resource intensity measures the intensity of water use in terms of volume of water per unit of value added. It is an internationally accepted environmental indicator of the pressure of economic activity on a country's water resources and therefore a reliable indicator of sustainable economic development.

Access to modern energy services is essential to achieving basic social needs by promoting economic development. Modern energy services, particularly, electricity and gas have an effect on productivity, health, education, safe water and communication services (International Energy Agency, 2014). Energy per capita and electricity consumption are highly correlated with economic development and other indicators of modern lifestyle, with the presumption that electricity consumption is related to a better life and wellbeing (Starr, 1972). It is reported that the essentiality of energy, as well as the emphasis on energy accessibility, is the main driver of economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduction of income inequality (Poloamina and Umoh, 2013). Many studies have examined how access to energy affects economic growth (Adams et al., 2018; Shahbaz et al., 2013), but not much empirical research has been conducted to validate the other benefits in terms of poverty reduction and income inequality (Kanagawa and Nakata, 2008).

2) what is a social justice according to Calma et. 2011?

‘social justice’ are used in contexts where people understand social justice to be about fairness beyond individual justice.2 According to Craig et al, “it is often seen these days as either a relic of the 1970s, or a catch-all used by conservatives and progressives alike”.3 Baldry argues that “we should all be clamouring for the revival of social justice, that is, ensuring systemic and structural social arrangements to improve equality, as a core political and social value”.

3)what is the environmental social justice according to Rathzel?

According to Rathzel environmental social justice is a specific form of social justice which aims to address equity and the fairness linked to injustices that stand from the environmental problems.

4) In what way was wetland program used to alleviate poverty?

( Zabala and Sulivan)

The complexity of achieving the environment and human development goal is epitomised in the payments of the ecosystem services literature particularly in the fairness. And the resources and targeting in practice tend to focus more on poverty alleviation.

5) Reflect on the state of the environment in SA in relation to sustainable resources and social justice .

Some view the human rights approach as being inadequate in ensuring that all members of the community meet mutual responsibilities and obligations, especially obligations to protect disadvantaged members of society, as rights are often stressed in preference to obligations. Others argue that a human rights vision is concerned with delivering the best society possible, as it is not concerned solely with negative rights to do as one pleases. Rather, it is concerned with positive entitlements such as rights to work, leisure, education and cultural participation, which involves a more positive outline.

Therefore, a need for social justice to facilitate such access. For example, while indigenous people are entitled to the full protection of the individual human rights system that has existed for the past sixty years, their rights have continued to be violated and they often experience poverty and disadvantage to a greater extent than the rest of the population. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognises the difficulty in realising human rights for Indigenous people who have been disadvantaged on a systemic level by historical discrimination and dispossession over past centuries.