1. Distribution of income - The distribution of income is a comparison of wealth from various members or groups in a society. It differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the distribution of asset ownership in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society. There are many ways in which the distribution of wealth can be analyzed. One commonly used method is to compare the wealth of the richest ten percent with the wealth of the poorest ten percent. In many societies, the richest ten percent control more than half of the total wealth. The Gini coefficient measures the amount of wealth or income inequality in a society.

2. Demographic Transitions - Looking at our world. It looks like a mess, people are bustling from place to place, moving, integrating, socializing, trading, fighting, changing. It's chaos. But, only if you don't know what to look for. In any system of chaos, there are always underlying patterns that give meaning to all the madness. So how do we find them? One way is through demographics, the statistical analysis of a human population. Demographic studies record birth rates, death rates, relocation's, occupations, health patterns, and a number of other things. 

3. Rural to Urban Migration - Rural to urban migration usually occurs as people look for perceived or actual opportunities that are missing in rural settings but present in large cities. Additionally, the migration takes place as people living in rural areas escape the hostile or unfavorable living conditions. Most urban centers have the majority of wealth, economic activities, and different services as compared to rural areas (Okhankhuele & Opafunso, 2013). On the other hand, rural areas have continuously experienced neglect and degraded environment.

4. Improvements in education and health - One example of this process involves the function of social placement. When most schools begin tracking their students in grade school, the students thought by their teachers to be bright are placed in the faster tracks (especially in reading and arithmetic), while the slower students are placed in the slower tracks; in high school, three common tracks are the college track, vocational track, and general track.