1. Verkoue, Fisiese skade, geneesmiddel skade, chemiese stowwe, koud lug, allergiee 

2. Diverse ander middels (Bv. Vlugtige stowwe soos mentol), Antihistamien ( Bv Difenhidramien), Mukolitika (Bv mesna), Masselstabiliseerders (Bv Ketotifen), Antibiotika (Bv neomisien), Kortikosteroide (Bv Prednisoon) 

3. The mechanism by which decongestants produce their action is activation of postjunctional alpha-adrenergic receptors found on precapillary and postcapillary blood vessels of the nasal mucosa. Their working action is about three to 12 hours and Decongestants can be taken by mouth as a pill or liquid (oral) or used as nose drops, sprays, or gels

4. dit is n toestand van kroniese neus kongestie wat veroorsaak word deur die oormatige gebruik van dekongestante in die neus. Dit kan behandel word deur beklometasoon wat n kortisoon neussproei is. 

5. First-generation antihistamines block both histaminic and muscarinic receptors as well as passing the blood-brain barrier. Second-generation antihistamines mainly block histaminic receptors and do not pass the blood-brain barrier. Die tweede generasie veroorsaak nie sedasie of verlaagde konsentrasie nie  en kan kronies gebruik word. 
 

6. Dit word almal gebruik in Rhinits wat allergies of nie- Allergies kan wees. Dit word deur middel van neussproeie geadministreer