1.Give your own definition of COPD.

A conditioned caused by bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. It is related to the lungs and lead to blockage of airways, thus causing difficulty in breathing.

2.Briefly describe the proposed aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Chronic bronchitis

Aetiology -bronchial lining becomes inflamed and the constant exposure begins to cause damage in the bronchioles. exposure to includes cigarettes smoke, excessive dust in the air, or chemicals.

Pathophysiology - increase of mucous secretion and a decrease in mucosal clearance. Airways become narrowed and limit airflow in and out of the lungs.

Emphysema

Aetiology - cigarette smoke is the main cause. Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke.

Pathophysiology - the inner walls of the lungs' air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, causing them to eventually rupture.

3.Which types of therapy are included in the treatment of a COPD patient?

• Smoking cessation.
• immunisation.
• Bronchodilators.
• Rehydration and steaming.
• Oxygen inhalation.
• Light-moderate exercise
• Surgery, lung transplant.

4. Why is ipratropium more effective in the treatment of chronic bronchitis than in the treatment of bronchial asthma?

Ipratropium - an antagonist of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

It stops or reduces bronchoconstriction, mucous secretion and bronchial vasodilation that result from vagal stimulation of the airways. It is a reliever in bronchial asthma, but it relaxes and opens the air passages in the lungs in chronic bronchitis.

5. In which way do the skeletal muscle effects of theophylline have advantages in the treatment of COPD?

It causes smooth muscle relaxation, thus inducing bronchodilation. Bronchodilation allows for easier airflow due to expansion of the bronchial air passages. This improves breathing.

6.What is the role of oxygen therapy in COPD?

increases the amount of oxygen that flows into the lungs and It is used for treating hypoxia.