Briefly explain what cystic fibrosis is and how dornase alfa acts to solve the problem.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic defect leading to reduced secretions in various organs.

Dornase alfa (rhDNase I) hydrolyses extra-cellular DNA from the neutrophils in the bronchial mucus, increasing its liquidity drastically.

Briefly explain what neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is, what the general treatment strategies involve and how cortisone and exogenous surfactants solve the problem.

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome - a breathing disorder in new-borns caused by immature lungs.

General treatments - Oxygen. &.  Ventilator.

Exogenous surfactant. It eventually promotes gaseous exchange. It is regarded as a therapeutic option for new-borns, children, and adults to improve surfactant.

Corticosteroids. It initiates baby’s surfactant production. It is administered to child/new-born and to the mother before birth.

What is the role of oxygen therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?  What do the dangers of oxygen toxicity involve?

Oxygen therapy is just to increase the blood oxygen levels of the baby to prevent hypoxia. Too much oxygen can damage the retina of the baby and can even lead to blindness.

Briefly explain what neonatal apnoea is and how the methylxanthines solve the problem.  Which methylxanthine is used?

neonatal apnoea is caused by incomplete development of the respiratory centre within the brain, leading to incomplete continuous stimulation of breathing. Thus, the baby repeatedly stops breathing and has a slowing of heartbeat for 15 seconds or longer.

Theophylline is Methylxanthines used which works by relaxes smooth muscles, including those of the bronchi, oesophagus, and gastroesophageal sphincter. They can reduce fatigue and improve concentration.