BLOG #13
BLOG #11
Voorbeeld: chloorpromasien.
Lae potensie (hoë dosisse word vereis, omrede dit nie so sterk aan D2 reseptors bind nie).
Min ekstrapiramidale versteurings.
Erge verdowing/ sedasie.
Gewigstoename – H1 blokkade.
Sterk antikolinergiese effekte (muskariene reseptore word geaffekteer).
Kardiotoksies (affekteer die hart se muskariene reseptore).
Sterk a-litiese effekte (posturale hipotensie)
Voorbeeld: tioridasien.
Lae potensie (hoë dosisse word vereis, omrede dit nie so sterk aan D2 reseptors bind nie)
Min ekstrapiramidale versteurings.
Erge verdowing/ sedasie.
Gewigstoename – H1 blokkade.
Sterk antikolinergiese effekte (muskariene reseptore word geaffekteer).
Kardiotoksies (affekteer die hart se muskariene reseptore).
Sterk a-litiese effekte (posturale hipotensie)
Voorbeeld: flufenasien.
Hoë potensie.
Meer ekstrapiramidale versteurings.
Minder verdowing/ sedasie.
Swakker antikolinergiese effekte
Swakker a-lities effekte.
Minder KVS effekte.
BLOG #10
2.1 Amantadien is ‘n metaffinoiede potensieerder van dopamien. Amantadien verhoog dis die vrystelling van dopamien, sowel as die sintese van dopamine. Amantadien verhoog ook die heropname van dopamien blokkeerders. Dit is ‘n NMDA antagonis weens die middel se antidiskinetiese effekte. Die middel is ook ‘n adenosien A2 anatagonis. Dit inhibeer die D2 reseptorfunksies wat lei tot verhoogde dopamien vrystelling.
3.1 Amantadien:
Amantadien is ‘n metaffinoiede potensieerder van dopamien. Amantadien verhoog
dis die vrystelling van dopamien, sowel as die sintese van dopamine. Amantadien
verhoog ook die heropname van dopamien blokkeerders. Dit is ‘n NMDA antagonis
weens die middel se antidiskinetiese effekte. Die middel is ook ‘n adenosien A2
anatagonis. Dit inhibeer die D2 reseptorfunksies wat lei tot verhoogde dopamien
vrystelling
COMT-ensieme metaboliseer L-dopa na 3-O-metieldopa. 3-OMD en L-dopa kompeteer dan vir aktiewe transportprosesse. COMT-remmers verleng egter die werkingsduur van L-dopa, terwyl dit die perifere metabolisme verminder en biobeskikbaarheid verbeter.
Inhiberende selektiewe MAO-B ensieme inhibeer dopamien se metabolisme en verhoog dan die dopamien konsentrasie in die SSS.
Ergotderivate: Broomkriptien
Nie-Ergotderivate: Pramipeksool en Ropinirool.
7.1 Selektiewe MOA-B remmers het ‘n voorkeur vir dopamien as ‘n substraat. 7.2 Dit het tot gevolg dat dopamien konsentrasies in die SSS sal verhoog.
10.1 Safinamied is n middel met n tweeledige werkingsmeganisme. Safinamied verhoog dopamien aktiwiteit deur die potente omkeerbare inhibering van MAO-B. Safinamied inhibeer ook heropname van dopamien, terwyl dit die glutamaat vrystelling verlaag.
BLOG #9
4.1 CO2 sal die lokale anestetika se aanvang van werking versnel.
BLOG #8
Inhalasie: |
KVS: |
SSS: |
Respirasie: |
Niere, Lewer en Uterus: |
Halotaan |
Verlaag BP. Miokardium sal gesensiteer word. |
Beinvloed serebrale bloedvloei. Verhoog die intrakraniale druk. Vininge, gladde induksie. Stadium II is egter afwesig. |
Afwesigheid van speeksel-brongiale sekresie en hoes. |
Uterus: Verlaag spierkontraksiesLei tot eksterne draaiing van die baba. Lewer: Hepatotoksisiteit. Halotaan word deur die lewer gemetaboliseer. |
Enfluraan |
Het minder BP verlaging as Halotaan. |
Vininge, gladde induksie, soms ook konvulsies. |
Meer respiratoriese verlaging as Halotaan |
|
Isofluraan |
Verlaag BP minder as Halotaan en Enfluraan. |
Vinniger induksie. Vinniger herstel. |
Het n sterk/ potente onderdrukkende effek. |
|
Sevofluraan |
Verlaag BP minder teenoor Halotaan en Enfluraan. |
Het n vinniger induksie en herstel tot gevolg as wat Isofluraan het. Serebrale bloedvloei verhoog. Intrakraniale druk verhoog. |
Is minder irriterend in die lugweë as wat Desfluraan is. |
|
Desfluraan |
Verlaag BP minder as Halotaan en Enfluraan. |
Vinniger induksie en herstel as wat Isofluraan het. Serebrale bloedvloei verhoog. Intrakraniale druk verhoog. |
Het n potente reuk. Irriteer die lugweë. Hoes tot evolg. Lei tot asemnood Laringosasma. Vermy as gebruik as n induksie middel |
|
N20 (Stikstofmonoksied) |
Geen effek. |
Swak anestesie. Amnesia. Is n sterk/ potente analgetikum. |
Suiwer N20 kan n suurstof tekort veroorsaak naamlik Hipoksie. |
BLOG #7
Anti-eleptiese middels wat die pil se metabolisme beinvloed is:
Die middels verminder die effektiwiteit van die orale voorbehoedpil. Dit lei tot verhoogde swangerskappe en die moontlikheid van teratogene effekte by hierdie swangerskappe.
Middels wat veilig is tydens die neem van die pil is:
Kan orale voorbehoedmiddels ook die effektiwiteit van die anti-epileptiese middels beïnvloed?
Neonate het 'n stadiger metabolisme en behoort dus laer dosisse te kry, omrede die middels stadiger gemetaboliseer word. Babas en kinders het n vinniger metabolisme as volwassenes en behoort hoër dosisse te kry. Volwassenes neem normale dosisse, omrede hul n normale metabolisme het. Laer dosisse benodig vir geriatriese pasiënte as gevolg van n stadiger metabolisme en verminderde nierfunksie.
BLOG #6
What type of kinetics applies for alcohol in the body? Also, explain the clinical significance of this.
Ethanol is rapidly absorbed and distributed throughout the body, due to the lipophilicity of alcohols. Peak levels can be reached within 30 minutes, if the person is in a fasting state. The volume of distribution depends on the total body water which is 0.5-0.7L / kg. When the oral dose of equivalents is taken, there will be a greater peak in women than are men, because women have less body water. 90% of alcohol metabolism takes place in the liver and the rest of the metabolism in the urine and lungs. An adult will metabolize alcohol within 7-10g / h
Give a brief summary of the metabolic pathways of ethanol metabolism.
There are two enzyme systems:
• Has low and moderate amounts.
• Limited amount of NAD (coenzyme): This is the zero-order kinetics enzyme, and occurs in 7-10g / h. The rate of degradation remains the same regardless of the amount of alcohol ingested.
• Mixed function oxidase.
• The enzyme system occurs at a high concentration of alcohol, which is more than 100mg / dL.
• During the chronic use of alcohol, increases the activity of MEOS, which is also partly responsible for the tolerance, during the chronic use of alcohol.
Acetaldehyde is the end product of alcohol, in both enzyme systems
Which drugs can affect this metabolism and what are the effects thereof?
Disulfiram, Metronidazole, Hypoglycemic drugs and Kefalosporien. These drugs inhibit Aldehyde dehydrogenase, which causes Acetaldehyde to not be metabolized. Which then leads to congestion. When acetaldehyde accumulates, the following symptoms occur: palpitations, nausea, blushing, dizziness and headache.
For quite a number of preparations of herbal/natural origin in pharmacies or shops, claims are made that they have anxiolytic and/or sedative-hypnotic properties. Your textbook (Katz) discusses a number of these preparations in Chapter 64. Use that information together with a search on the internet and compile a brief report on the use of these alternative medicines in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. You may use any search engine (e.g. Google) and keywords such as “botanicals” and “anxiety” and “insomnia”.
Natural Products for anxiety or insomnia:
Other natural products for insomnia include L-theanine and Melatonin. Melatonin has a Hypnotic effect. Melatonin signals the brain for better quality sleep
Benzodiazepines' fat solubility (Lipophilicity) is determined by the rate of absorption. This is of importance so that you can decide whether to administer a short-acting or long-acting drug.
A more lipophilic drug will be rapidly distributed and absorbed by the CNS, where a less lipophilic drug will spread more slowly and will only be absorbed after a long period of time.
Redistribution means substances that are highly fat-soluble (lipophilic) that reach the brain, heart, kidneys, etc. These substances are distributed for the previously mentioned organs and then distributed directly thereafter to the muscles and tissues
The importance of redistribution is due to these drugs that are so widely distribute. The rate at which these drugs leave the body is prolonged, thus prolonging the duration of action.
BDs are biotransformed by liver microsomal enzymes:
BDs that are converted to active metabolites are: Diazepam, Chlorazepate, Prazepam, Chlorodiazepoxide and Ketazolam.
These active metabolites contribute to the prolonged duration of the action of the drugs.
BDs not dependant on the cytochrome P450 oxidative enzymes for metabolism are: Oxazepam, Lorazepam, Temazepam and Lormetazepam. Advantages of these drugs are: Because the drugs are not metabolized by the liver microsomal enzymes, they act as choice drugs, where the benzodiazepines must be used in the conditions where the activity of the liver microsomal enzyme is reduced.
Enzyme induction is when a drug accelerates / increases the production of a certain enzyme, it will lead to an increased metabolism of the drug. Examples of the drugs are: Barbiturates (Phenobarbital) & Meprobamate. An increase in metabolism causes a decrease in the duration of action in the body/ therapeutic effect.