Water challenge according to Kohler
It is the mean annual evaporation that varies between 800mm and 2,000mm exceeding the annual rainfall substantially in some areas of the country. South Africa is ranked as the 30th driest country in the world with a mean annual precipitation of 450mm, just over half the world average of 860mm

Energy challenge according to Sarkodie and Adams
Access to modern energy is considered as a precondition for sustainable development, eradication of poverty and inequality, and consequently the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals and inadequate access and availability of electricity aggravate poverty, inequality and hampers government revenues. Access to modern energy technologies is expansive.

Social Justice according to Calma
Social justice is a complex construct with varying interpretation of 'social justice'. Human rights have been incorporated into the understanding into the understanding of social justice as constructor

Environmental social justice according Rathzel
It is the the specific form of social justice which aims to address equity and fairness linked to injustice that stem from environmental problems.

Wetland problem use to alleviate poverty
South African wetlands are predominantly related to the fluvial work. It plays a major role in water supply by providing water purification, flood control, habitat for biodiversity and other ecosystem services and goods.

State of the environment
Given the South African history of racial discrimination and poor service delivery it is not surprising to find unevenness in the distribution, consumption access to and use of energy, especially in low-income urban and rural area, generally electricity consumption patterns in low-income areas are very low. The cost and availability of energy sources determines consumption patterns

What constitutes development with examples in South Africa

1.Growth and Structural
Development requires growth as well as structed change. The main focus of the economy is to move from primary, secondary to tertiary sector. Less developed countries which deal with primary sources receive their income from primary activities such as farming, mining and fishing. Developing countries generate their money from raw primary resources and turning secondary resources by turning them into suitable goods, for consumers and businesses. Highly developed countries who focus on tertiary generate their income from the production of services an example of this would be services to the citizens by providing them with transport and service delivery.

2. Distribution of income
Even distribution of income also constitutes development in South Africa as it results in improving income for all. Equitable distribution of income helps to increase the speed of growth and it promotes economic development. Example: in Gauteng they get $10 000 and then Western Cape would get between $8 000 and $10 000.

3. Rural to Urban Migration 
 Rural-Urban migration has be associated with economic development and growth. Due to the labour markets there is an increase of movement of rural to urban areas which causes development to take place. Rural-urban migration improves the living standards of migrants. Example: An individual would comes from rural areas from KZN to Gauteng to look for employment.

4.Improvements in education and health
Education is fundamental to development and growth as it plays a role in the development of a country and a key human capital accumulation and development. These factors ensure longer life and economic growth, as health helps to reduce loss of production, because if people get ill then the production rate drops. Example: having quality materials which will be utilised by people who know to use them.

Definition of poverty by experts 

According to Townsend(Townsend, 1979 "Individuals, families and groups in the population can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and having the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong.

Their resources are so seriously below those commanded by the average individual or family they are, in effect, excluded from ordinary patterns. Customs and activities 

Definitions by expert derived

*Fractions of the income distributions

Poverty is often defined by reference to the bottom 20% or 40% of the expenditure, and the RDP project defines the 20% and 40% as 'ultra poor and poor'

*Poverty Datum Line

The primary poverty Datum Line which consisted of the cost of food, clothing, cleansing materials and fuel and light.
The second poverty Datum Line which in addition made provision for the cost of accommodation, transport for the breadwinner and taxation 

*Minimum living level and supplement living level.

Poverty here has been lowest sum possible on which a specific size household can live.

*Household subsistence level and household effective level.

Defines poverty in basis of excluding medical expenses, saving, education, instance, holidays and transport.

*Food insecurity measures of poverty

Defines poverty as the very low cost food used by the household.
 

Benefits of poverty for the individual

1.You Know How to Work Hard

Usually a poor person knows how to do one or more manual labor job and know what it takes..yes a rich person might work longer hours but it's more of talking with clients or using their electronic to do their work.

2.Easy to manage finances 

When you are poor and don't make a lot of money, it is more easy to know, what you have, where it is and what to do with it as long as you learn how to always stick to your budget.

3.You get to be closer to your family 

As you do not have much to do, this will create a space for you to spend time with your children and family and will tighten the bond that the family as. Poor have more to do for their family to survive, as they look out for their old parents and at the same time look for the younger generation and this requires team work and will mostly tighten the connections of the family.

4.You value the little you have.

Many people of come out of poverty know what it means to be poor and the struggle people face, as a result this makes you value a lot of things it might be a new shoe that you have wanted for the past 2 years or it could be a job, this is because you know what little you have now, might get easily lost, so this gives you a reason to value it more.

BENEFITS OF POVERTY FOR THE COMMUNITY 

1.Health relationship between community members.

This creates a healthy relationship as the community members spend more time with each other and get to know each other more and even share information about what job opportunities are there.

2.Sharing of resources 

Usually in poor communities most of the resources that are found there, people in that community share, which means that people can share what they have rather than individuals have to suffer because they do not have something specific that they need to survive with, so when they share resources it becames easy.

3.Learning of skills

Many people are naturally talented and have many skills especially labor skills. These skills that are being taught by their fathers or somewhere else helps them a lot, as they can not afford to call an electrician who went to school, so these are basic skills that they have to learn.

4.Less crime and unity

In many communities that are facing povertymovies hardly rare that you hear that people have stolen from one of their people because they do not have valuable things that they can transform their lives or generate a lot of money for them, instead they spend most of the time with each other, looking for each other and whenever there is a break in that's when you'll see the community get to gather to track down the person or people in charge of the break in.

The two theoretical approaches that I am going to compare and contrast are: The Structural Functionalist orientation and Conflict orientation.

The Structural functionalist is the theory that states all aspects of a society are dependent and they serve a function. Basically each member in the society has a role to play in order for it to be stable and to make sure it functions. It is a system of interrelated parts in a dynamic equilibrium. Social stability is necessary for a strong society and adequate socialisation and social integration. Conflict Orientation is mainly about the class conflict in a society due to unequal distribution resources. Society in conflict orientation is characterised by inequality based on social class, race, gender and other factors.

The main difference between the structural functionalist and conflict is the approach used in structural functionalism is that all elements of the society are interdependent and they serve on a function for all the overall stability and functioning of the society. On the other side conflict orientation is more about social inequality in the division of resources and that basically means the conflict between classes will eventual trigger social change.