organization to accomplish the success of the business.   

 1.define decision making and explain the role of decision making for managers and employees.

Decision making-is the process of deciding about something important especial in a group of people or in an organisation.Decision making include defining the problem,gathering information,Generating alternative and choosing the course of an action.

Defining the problem

-This where the management is aware that there is a problem in an organisation and  try by all means to know the reason behind the problem .

Gathering information 

-This is where the management try to find the solutions on how best to solve the problem .

Generating alternatives

-Management creates many solutions which they can choose from(many options ,two or more options ).

Choosing the course of an action 

-This is where the management make the final decision from different solutions .

The role of decision making for managers and employees 

-It gives employees an opportunity to voice their opinions and share their knowledge with others .

-Improves relationship between managers and employees

-Encourage a strong sense of team work among workers

2.Discuss the conditions of certain risk and uncertainty under which decisions are made.

- CERTAINTY

Is the condition under which individuals are fully informed about a problem, alternative solutions are obvious and likely results of the solutions are clear.

- RISK

Is the condition under which individuals can define a problem, specify the probability of certain events and alternate solutions and state the probability of each solution leading to the desired results.

UNCERTAINTY 

Is the condition under which individuals do not have the necessary information to assign probabilities to the outcome of the alternatives solutions.

3.Describe the characteristics of routine, adaptive and innovative decision making

Types of problems and solutions

Companies experience problems and find solutions that managers and workers have to deal with from a wide range of common and well defined to unusual and ambiguous.  In general managers must develop a solution t relevant problems.

Routine decisions: are standards choices  made in response to relating well defined and common problems with other solutions, Routine decisions  are often established rules which are carried out by computers, Include the skills required in certain jobs processing payroll and re-ordering point.

Employees need to pay attention to guard against the tendency to make routine decisions when a problem call for an adaptive or innovative solutions.

Continuous Improvements involves streams of adaptive organisational decisions made over time it requires a commitment to constant diagnose organisational processes, This process resembles the wheel each turn improves and existing product, Decisions about continuous improvements are driven by the goals of providing quality.

Being responsive to customers

• Enhance value to customers through improved
• Reduce errors
• Increase responsiveness to customers

Innovation decisions

Are choices based on the discovery, identification and diagnosis of unusual and ambiguous problems and the development of unique or creative alternative solution. The solution involves a series of small, interrelated decision made over a period of months or even a year. It may take years to develop and involve numerus professional specialists and teams.

4.Explain how goals affect decision making

Goals are the outcomes that we want at the end of the activity, therefore they show the way in which decisions and action's should be made. for example when a person wants to pass an exam (goal) they will decide to study and prepare thoroughly for the exam

Why people set goals

Setting goals can have several benefits which are the same whether the goals apply to the entire organisation or some of it.

steps of decision making

-Define and diagnose the problem

-Set goals

-Search for alternative research

-Compare and evaluate alternative solutions

-Choose the best solution of them all

-Implement the solution

-follow up and control

5. BOUNDED RATIONALITY MODEL

-satisficing: practicing selecting an accepted goal

limited research: is based on how the information needs researched.

•  Inadequate information 
• -availability bias
• selective perception 
  • the concrete information bias
  • law of small number biased 
  • gambler