According to Kahler(2016) South Africa's water challenge is that we have little annual rain, only a small portion of our ground water can be used and there is a lack of general agreement pertaining to the actual drivers of economy wide water intensity changes and optimal politics require our water resources.

2 According to Calma(2011) social justice basically means to find a balance between our responsibility as a society and our responsibility as individuals to contribute to a justice society.

3. According to Rathzel(2018) environmental social justice means that it is a type of justice for people who as been left out during environmental problems.

4. In 2008 a wetland programme was used to alleviate poverty by creating employment for about 2000 people.

5.The state of the environment in South Africa is very bad and sadly it is only getting worse. Almost all of our resources such as coal for electricity and water resources are finished. So we are forced to use other more expensive ways to provide electricity and water to people. This is convenient because a lot of people in South Africa are poor and cannot afford to make this change.

4 environmental narratives in South Africa 

1.the conservation view

2. The economic view

3. Non state actors 

4. Local views

The conservation view there is a Autboriatarian when it comes to policy and practices. It includes th people and removes the right to people and their nature resources.

The economic view is the environment viewed as a commodity that is primarily there for selling and buying in colonial times for a privileged group of profit from is identified as an economic asset capable of bring about long-term socio economic development and transformation not only in the specific locality but throughout the world.

Non state actor view originates from the interested external parties is the outside of the community. Views are expressed by parties like academic scientists and non governmental organizations.

Local views are complex because they are influenced by time, geography, human, qualities and circumstances as well as power and politics these perspectives are complicated and extremely different.

3. Yes they do. All narratives help u to understand more of South Africa nature and how we contribute to being natural well being. It also help us to understand what we as humans do that harms the country's nature.

4. According to Stewart and zaaiman, the two environmental discourses in South Africa are are the sustainable development course and social justice discourse.

5. By using the ecosystem accounting it will help to provide us with a systematic way to measure, track and report on stock and flows of natural capital. It will help the South Africa policies to knows what problems they should fix.

The classic environment theories and their usefulness in South Africa. 

Max Weber speaks on the struggle of finding natural resources and the conflict that arises when the rich take control of the resources such as control over irrigation. Emile Durkheim, structural functionalism is focused on our functions in a way to adapt to environment change. In South Africa we have different climates in the different parts of our country. So all the environmental problems within society and resilience, because although people need to change their behavior and accept the challenges their faced with and in South Africa it is not possible. Despite being only mildly concerned with environment deterioration, their examination of social structure and social development serves as the foundation for several significant current environment ideas.

The antropegenic nature of environmental problems and with examples from the SA context.

The major environmental problems split into two broad categories avoidance, control and remediation of those problems that have a deleterious impact on our current and near future. Use of environment such as oil spills, heavy metal water pollution, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can really harm the environment. The three main environmental issues in South Africa is pollution, lack of energy, and deforestation. South Africa is a climatic ally sensitive country and atmosphere changes caused by human action like the burning of fossil fuel and clearing of natural vegetation. South Africa rivers suffer also because of pollution from agricultural runoff and urban discharge.

Women in development approach 

WID concept is based on recognition of the importance of the role an status of women in development process. It is meant to give special attention to the women's roles, while extending development assistance. The WID giv women equal opportunities that would make them contribute in development an structural roles would change.

Women and development approach 

WAD focuses on relationship between women an the developmental process. It also looks at the integration of women in development which sustains existing international structures of inequality. It also contributes in accepting women as important economic actors in their societies and women's work in the public and private domain is central to the maintenance of their societal structures.

The participatory development approach

Participatory development approach seek to the give poor a part in initiative and projects they are designed by outside organizations in the hopes that these projects will be more sustainable and successful by involving local stakeholders in the project goals. An example of this is the active participation of the public in their local town. Planning, aspects such as th quality of their public transport system, parking, zones for loading and unloading. The importance of participatory development its states that stimulating productive energies of people, encouraging broader participation of people in productive processes and a more equitable sharing of the benefits must become more central element in development strategies.

Compare and contrast the core tenets of the modernization and dependency theories.

Although there are many versions of modernization theory, major implicit or explicit tenets are that societies develop through a series of evolutionary stages, these stages are based on different degrees and patterns of social differentiation and reintegration of structural and cultural components that are functionally compatible for maintenance of society.

Dependency theory focuses on individual nations, their role as suppliers of raw materials, cheap labor and market for expensive manufacturing goods from industrialized countries. The unequal exchange relationship between developed and developing countries was viewed as contributing to poor economic growth.

Four factors that constitute development illustrates each with examples from the context 

1. Growth and structural change 

Growth and structural change is a shift or change in the basic way a market or economy functions or operates. The structural changes that move countries through the development process are often viewed in terms of shifts from primary to secondary and finally to tertiary production. The fastest growing and developing industry in South Africa is the transport and logistics sector and the mining sector with a upgrade in their resources.

2. Distribution of income 

Income inequality in South Africa has deepened. According to the latest figures from the world inequality database, the top 1% of South Africa earners take home almost 20% of all income in the country. While the top 10% take home 65%, the remaining 90% of South African earners get only 35% of the total income.

3. Rural to urban migration 

In South Africa, rural to urban migration trends increasing at a fast rate, from 15 per 1000 in 2001 to about 28 per 1000 in 2011 with people aged 0-14 joining the migration stream. Migration has negatively affected the socio-economic development in rural areas, the influx to people to urban areas has also strained government resources, increased population growth and increased housing infrastructure challenges.

4. Improvements in education and health 

South Africa have access to education and training of the highest quality leading to significantly improved learning outcomes. Improvements in the quality health care means fewer errors, reduced delays in care delivery, improvement in efficiency, increasing market share and lower costs. Education and health play a potential role in the development of the country a key to human capital accumulation and development process.

Give a thorough definition of poverty as suggested by experts 

The poverty line can be defined as the level of income below which basic needs of food, clothing and shelter (in addition to set amount of other necessities) could not be met. Poverty is the condition where a person lacking financial resources is unable to meet a minimum standard of living. Poverty is lack of shelter, lack of income and assets that makes humans not to meet the basic needs. Poverty can lead to other problems like poor literacy, unemployment, malnutrition, etc. A poor person is not able to get education due to lack of money and therefore remains unemployed.

what are the benefits of poverty for the individual and the community.

Other businesses that benefit from the existence of poverty include sellers of used goods, makers and sellers of cheap alcohol and other low cost addictive products, as well as pawnshops, predatory lenders and other loan sharks, the number rackets and diverse gambling establishments. Poverty helps with the recycling goods and incompetent professionals. Poor people are perceived as morally deviant, at the least irresponsible and insufficient motivated. Low-wage work gets done. It is not just dirty work, Welfare reform is increasingly designed to push welfare recipients into the workforce. A population o poor people helps uphold conventional norms.