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Z NEMAVHOLA

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Activity 12

9 Jun 2021, 22:51 Publicly Viewable

Challenges of water according to Kohler and energy according to Adams and sarkodie in South Africa.

Water challenges in South Africa.

Climate change has affected water supplies within the region. Rains that usually come and supply the country's water has come infrequently. For example in Durban the Dams are 20 percent lower than at the start of 2010. Due to this fact cities are looking to impose water restrictions on communities.  Another problem that Durban in particular faces is stolen water. According to one report 35 percent of the cities water is stolen or given out through illegal connections. Construction of dams in the area have not even started or are still in the process of being built and those structures that are in place now are slowly collapsing. Those in rural areas still lack access to water. Infrastructure is another problem in water problem in South Africa whether or not it is old pipes or ignorance the South Africa water crisis is here and affecting millions. There has been a backlog in services since the end of apartheid and that needs to change. Interestingly enough South Africa boast one of the most clean water systems in the world, however due to the lack of sanitation and access in the country's rural communities the threat of water borne disease is steadily increasing. For example the Vaal River is the largest river in South Africa and popular tourist destination is becoming increasingly contaminated with fecal material due to the lack of sanitation supplies.  

 Energy challenges in South Africa.

The energy problem south Africa is facing has to do with the lack of leadership in the government because they need to prepare funding to develop the country infrastructure of energy sector. Another challenge in South Africa is that we dependent of one source of energy to produce electricity such coal which is a problem when it rains a lot because coal can get wet and it cannot produce electricity but if the country can expose itself to renewable energy to power the whole South Africa would be a great solution.

Social justice

Social justice is the relation of balance between individuals and society measured by comparing distribution of wealth differences, from personal liberties to fair privilege opportunities.

Environmental social justice

Social justice aims to give individuals and groups’ fair treatment and an impartial share of social, environmental and economic benefits. ... Environmental benefits include attractive and extensive greens pace, clean air and water, and investment in pollution abatement and landscape improvements.

Ways that a wetland program me used to alleviate poverty? (Zabala and Sulivan).

The program help a lot of people to get out of poverty because lot of them they were doing drugs and the program was able to offer a rehabilitation center for them and also help them to develop themselves.

Reflect on the state of the environment in SA in relation to sustainable resources and social justice (using Stewart and Zaaiman as guide).

Looking around SA the environment that damage people daily lives in the land pollution because people are littering in the streets and water pollution is also affecting people because people are throwing plastics in river and to the sea which affect our climate change.

Activity 11

4 Jun 2021, 12:49 Publicly Viewable

Four environmental narratives identified in SA.

The conservation view is the first environmental narrative   it focus in protection, preservation, management, or restoration of natural environments and the ecological communities that inhabit them. Conservation is the careful maintenance and upkeep of a natural resource to prevent it from disappearing. This viewpoint requires that the environment be used in a way that is sustainable, and it ensures that the natural resources will be used in a manner that will meet the present day needs for the resource without jeopardizing the supply of the resource for future generations.

 Economic is the second environmental narrative has to do with identifying an economic asset to bring about lasting socio-economic development and transformation not only in the specific locality but also throughout the country. The economic view shows that nature is an untapped resource that should lift people out of poverty in a way that profit with better other people lives. Environmental economists are concerned with identifying specific problems to be rectified, but there can be many approaches to solving the same environmental problem. If a state is trying to impose a transition to clean energy, for example, they have several options. The government can impose a forcible limit on carbon emissions, or it can adopt more incentive-based solutions, like placing quantity-based taxes on carbon emissions or offering tax credits to companies that adopt renewable power sources.

 A non-state actors is the third environmental narrative in South Africa because it shows  originate from external interested parties for example academics, scientists,  ,non-governmental organisations  outside of the local community and it also  exclude local community representation or inputs. Non-state actors include organizations and individuals that are not affiliated with, directed by, or funded through the government.  These include corporations, private financial institutions, and NGOs, as well as paramilitary and armed resistance groups.

Local views is the last environmental narratives in South Africa  are complex and highly differentiated, because it is informed by time,  place, individual characteristics and circumstances as well as local power & politics and it is driven by  nature of the relationship with the environment as shaped by the socio-political context. Makes policies and practices as framework direct views and responses of local communities. Shows that apartheid times such policies and practices served to distort communities relationship with the environment and whether livelihoods are derived from the land or not where from the land, communities are more protective of the environment and the scarce resources they need for their livelihoods for example local farmers.

What are the two main environmental discourses in SA.

Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. Sustainable development Already in 2001 SD is identified by the UN as goal for all nations globally, SD, social, and environment. Justice principles are incorporated in the SA constitution and it is an important concept in international politics of the environment but is approached differently by developed and developing countries as well as by different groups. It requires co-operation, commitment and co-ordination of efforts on all levels of government, together with the development of private sector partnerships business, community and it can provides a model for social change, for real development.

Social justice is the relation of balance between individuals and society measured by comparing distribution of wealth differences, from personal liberties to fair privilege opportunities. Social justice is the second environmental discourse Equitable distribution and access to good quality environmental resources are narrowly linked to overcoming social problems, and their effects, experienced by  communities problems which  include poverty ,poor quality education & unemployment and  health and wellbeing resulting from the effects of polluted, air, water, soil and food.

Activity10

22 May 2021, 14:50 Publicly Viewable

The classical environment theories and their usefulness in SA

The classical theorists in my thinks is the  foundational theorists pioneer thinkers such  Marx, Weber, Durkheim and Simmel they have  not taken the concept of modernity in a formal way, their works indicate that they are concerned with the processes of modernisation.

The environmental problem that we face in South Africa is food waste because food intended for human consumption is produce in SA in more than around 1 billion tons which half of it is being wasted in the ground which make pollution and littering to our environment. Plastic Pollution is another problem that south Africa faces according to the statics of 2020 it shows that more than 11 million tons of plastic it is making its way into the oceans and rivers every year, Plastic pollution is also bad to the wildlife and the animals that live in there and it also participate in the starting of fires. Deforestation participate in the environmental problem because it is affecting the agriculture sector which causes deforestation. Air pollution is another cause of the problem that we have in SA because people are burning many chemicals in the air such as coal to create electricity and we have many cars which is another cause of environment problem. The last problems  the water pollution which is caused by dumping sewage water in the rivers that helps people with water to drink and washing cars in the rivers is also a factor to the environment problem in south Africa.

Activity 9

19 May 2021, 18:53 Publicly Viewable

The anthropogenic nature of environmental problems and with examples from the SA context.

The first aspect that participate in the environment problem in South Africa is Ozone depletion leading to climate change which shows ozone is the layer around the earth that protects inhabitants from the harmful ultraviolet light of the sun. Destruction of natural habitats is one of the problem face because it shows the natural habitats such as the forests, wetlands, coral reefs, the ocean bottom which are being destroyed  globally .The reason for Destruction of natural habitats reasons  includes the population growth leading to deforestation in the amazon and elsewhere and use of harmful products by humans pollute air, water, soil ,pollution in order to prevent reproduction of some species ,harmful to health of humans and animals, reefs ,over-extraction of natural resources such as  the timber, fossil fuels, fish, water. Having people implementing food waste participate in the environmental people in south Africa especially checking the third of the food intended for human consumption is around 1 billion tons which is wasted. Water pollution is another factor in south Africa because people are washing their cars in the river and it is also cause by dumping sewage water.

Activity 8

8 May 2021, 18:52 Publicly Viewable

Participatory development approach

Participatory development approach deals with seeking to give the poor community the right to have a good life and projects that are designed by outside institutions in the hopes that these projects will be more sustainable and achievable by including local leaders to part of the projects for example kings and chief in south African are included to projects that aim to develop the society.

In South Africa Participatory development approach gave People the right to be part of becoming more pronounced in humanist approaches since the late 1970s and it deals development process which involves the participation of the beneficiaries from the inception stage to implementation of the development intervention. Participatory development approach in South Africa has the authority to make the society to build their own things.

 

Activity 7

4 May 2021, 18:01 Publicly Viewable

Woman in developmental approach is an approach of development which was created in the early 1960s and it was designed to deals with issues facing towards to try to help them in any way and the woman in developmental approach was integrated by women into the global economies by improving their status and assisting in the whole process of the development.

The woman and development approach is an approach which was designed in the late 190s because of criticism again women in developmental approach and it goes against with the concept of women should be brought into the modernisation process and the idea of modernisation making women more poor.

Activity 6

21 Apr 2021, 16:54 Publicly Viewable

 

The core tenets of the modernisation and dependency theories.

The dependency theory different when comparing to modernisation because it focus on external factors and does not pay attention to internal factors that shows the less developed countries. The dependency theory has a strategy which helps with to overcoming underdevelopment that create self-destruction towards people. The dependency theory in African countries are not advanced with technology but they have much resources and does not have the equipment to process it but do not have classy education infrastructure to make people educated or to acquire knowledge. Dependency has a relationship with the interdependence between other economies and it happens when other countries go through the experiences growth at the expense of the less dominant ones.

Modernisation theory focus on processing social, economic and also cultural transformation in which a country develop from the underdeveloped status to a modern society following other develop countries. Modernisation theorists sees that if Less Developed Countries end up being   developed people will not practice their traditional believes and culture customs which will be  supporting others arguments. The modernisation theory reveals that poor countries are poor because they are not  develop into modern economy status  and they are failing to do  it  because of internal factors such as the countries refusing go into other  to free-market principles and adopting to new things to develop their infrastructure .

Activity 5

21 Apr 2021, 11:52 Publicly Viewable

The first aspect that plays a huge role in the development of South Africa is growth and structural Change because development in South Africa needs growth and structural change in the way our government do things .The main focus of growth and structural Change in South Africa is to improve the economy activity shifts in primary, secondary and tertiary sector.

 Modernisation is the second factor which I think can play a role in south Africa constitution looking in most development theorists which disagrees that development requires societies move traditional to modern societies through the process of modernisation .South Africa is it need to be modernized because when it has been embraced in the modern and advanced technology compared to other African countries. South Africa is spreading from the modernisation and observing the economic development is thought to emanate from growth through economic, industrialization, and political transformation.

The third aspect that plays a huge role in the development of South Africa is implementing Political Transformation. South Africa should apply  political growth must follow economic and social cultural growth because we need  development in our  democracy in south Africa  like other continent  for example In East European countries like East Asia.  

The last factor for our country which the government should improve is the in education and health if we can change the structure of the economy there is an increase and progress towards education and health infrastructure. Education is essential to development and growth in every person in our country and it play a role in getting employment in order to improve a person daily life. Health care is responsible in the development of a country health status to all people rich or poor

Activity 4

30 Mar 2021, 10:26 Publicly Viewable

Definition of poverty as suggested by experts

In my way of thinking poverty has been the cancer of many African countries over a century now and in my view I  would say Poverty symbolize  a  condition in which a person or community have a problem when it comes to finances or resources and essentials in order to reach their standard of living. Poverty shows   the income level from employment is so low that basic human needs cannot be met and it also stricken people and families might go without proper housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical attention. Each nation may have its own threshold that determines how many of its people are living in poverty.

The reason why Poverty exist in our community

Poverty according to experts or researcher is cause by many things such as the inability of poor households to buy their shelter or house, having limited education which would have created more opportunities, having difficulties accessing credit to buy their needs and the last ones   is the system which was used to exclude people with disabilities from participating in the education and workplace also plays a huge role in poverty in many countries. Unemployment plays a huge role in creating poverty in our community because in half a dozen countries, you can find teenagers becoming gangs’ member and killing and stealing because they have to feed themselves and their family or siblings. Poverty in my view was created by the things which happened in the past in countries such as Nigeria, Ghana and Zimbabwe. The past events which contribute in today’s poverty is the War, crime and violence which drives people to hate each other.

Activity 3

18 Mar 2021, 21:23 Publicly Viewable

Poverty is a  big problem and in my view  poverty  does not mean people should stop dreaming big plus the government helps with dealing with poverty, but for this paper poverty I would say poverty is not  having  income for a  basic needs and it  includes social and  economic issue.

The Positive benefits of Poverty.

The good benefit of poverty is that people can get assistance from the government when they apply for help from government for social services such as RDP houses, food parcels and water.  Getting free medical services for poor from the government would be a good benefit of poverty in our community. Free education is a compulsory a thing to have as a poor person because school provide education and food plus lots of financial assistance to go to college or other school. Getting government grants is also a positive benefit to the people because the government gives people money every month to buys small things they need.

The Negative benefits of Poverty.

Individuals and the community experience lack of shelter from poverty, because they are  being abused and  getting caught up in  drugs which is caused by lack of shelter and having shelter makes people  feel valued and protected and begin to experience the importance of healthy socialization .

The community experiences limited access to clean water resources which affects their health and some people have to walk a long distance every time they need clean water to drink and they water they collect is unsafe to drink which causes illness such as cholera, typhoid, diarrhea, dysentery and even polio.

Absence of social services from the government is one of the bad benefits a person and community can get because of poverty of their area. Absence of social services can also create discouragement within a person and that particular person can lose hope of themselves.