1)  Describe briefly what SA's water challenge is according to Kohler and what is the energy challenge is according to Sarkodie and Adams.

Water is a vital natural resource, demanding careful management. It is essential for life and integral to virtually all economic activities, including energy and food production and in the production of industrial outputs. The availability of clean water in sufficient quantities is not only a prerequisite for human health and well-being but the life-blood of freshwater ecosystems and the many services that these provide. Water resource intensity measures the intensity of water use in terms of volume of water per unit of value added. It is an internationally accepted environmental indicator of the pressure of economic activity on a country's water resources and therefore a reliable indicator of sustainable economic development. 

Access to modern energy services is essential to achieving basic social needs by promoting economic development. Modern energy services, particularly, electricity and gas have an effect on productivity, health, education, safe water and communication services (International Energy Agency, 2014). Energy per capita and electricity consumption are highly correlated with economic development and other indicators of modern lifestyle, with the presumption that electricity consumption is related to a better life and wellbeing (Starr, 1972). It is reported that the essentiality of energy, as well as the emphasis on energy accessibility, is the main driver of economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduction of income inequality (Poloamina and Umoh, 2013). Many studies have examined how access to energy affects economic growth (Adams et al., 2018; Shahbaz et al., 2013), but not much empirical research has been conducted to validate the other benefits in terms of poverty reduction and income inequality (Kanagawa and Nakata, 2008).

2) what is a social justice according to Calma et. 2011?

‘social justice’ are used in contexts where people understand social justice to be about fairness beyond individual justice.2 According to Craig et al, “it is often seen these days as either a relic of the 1970s, or a catch-all used by conservatives and progressives alike”.3 Baldry argues that “we should all be clamouring for the revival of social justice, that is, ensuring systemic and structural social arrangements to improve equality, as a core political and social value”.

3)what is the environmental social justice according to Rathzel?

According to Rathzel environmental social justice is a specific form of social justice which aims to address equity and the fairness linked to injustices that stand from the environmental problems.

4) In what way was wetland program used to alleviate poverty?

( Zabala and Sulivan)

The complexity of achieving the environment and human development goal is epitomised in the payments of the ecosystem services literature particularly in the fairness. And the resources and targeting in practice tend to focus more on poverty alleviation.

5) Reflect on the state of the environment in SA in relation to sustainable resources and social justice .

Some view the human rights approach as being inadequate in ensuring that all members of the community meet mutual responsibilities and obligations, especially obligations to protect disadvantaged members of society, as rights are often stressed in preference to obligations. Others argue that a human rights vision is concerned with delivering the best society possible, as it is not concerned solely with negative rights to do as one pleases. Rather, it is concerned with positive entitlements such as rights to work, leisure, education and cultural participation, which involves a more positive outline.

Therefore, a need for social justice to facilitate such access. For example, while indigenous people are entitled to the full protection of the individual human rights system that has existed for the past sixty years, their rights have continued to be violated and they often experience poverty and disadvantage to a greater extent than the rest of the population. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognises the difficulty in realising human rights for Indigenous people who have been disadvantaged on a systemic level by historical discrimination and dispossession over past centuries.

The four environmental narratives in SA.

* The conservation

* The non-states  actors 

*The economic 

*The local views

The objectives and the motive for each narrative?

The conservation view 

There is an  Authoritarian when it comes to policy and the practices.it excludes the people and remove the rights to people and to the natural resources.

The motivation is to ensure that Authoritarian approach the conservation of the land in the interest of nation, religion, communities and it has a good objective but poor processes.

The economic view

The environment is the commodity for the selling and buying. 

The motivation

Nature is the untapped resources that should be exploited to avoid people being poor and to maintain the standard of life.

The capitalist find the ways to make money and exploit the resources that is available to them, after they generate the income they have power in the economic because they used their brains to make money.

The local views

The views are complex because of the individual actor, informed time, the circumstances and the local power and the politics.

The motivation 

it is nature of the relationship with the environment as it shapes the socio political context and the policies and the practices as a framework direct views and the responses of the local community.

The non-state actor view

views originate from the interested  external parties. 

The motivation

* The firm that belief that the natural resources are finite.

*The rejection of the anthropocentric attitudes of humans.

Do the narratives contribute to an understanding the SA environment ?

Narratives does contribute a lot in understanding the context of SA environment as they help to know the causes of environmental issues and the finding the solution to the problems. Even though there are some communities in  SA that does not have the water supply and drinking the polluted. And it is making the environmental to be realized in the communities and how to keep the environment clean also the ecosystem.

Two main discourses in SA

Sustainable development 

it improves the quality of life and the continued development is only possible with the environment protection.

Environment and the social justice 

equal distribution and excess to good quality environmental resources are narrowly linked to overcoming the social problems and their effects experienced by the communities.

How does the sustainable development link to SA policies?

With the help of the natural capital accounting, it helps the measure and track and report on the stocks and flows of natural capital, it relies on the various measures to track national progress and inform policy and decision making. And this system helps the policy to manage the ecosystem very well and the polluted water to get cleaned so that communities can have a clean water to avoid the diseases and maintain the health care.

According to Buckle's premise the environment is the critical factor for the nations to flourish. He talks about the modern times and the early times saying some of the Eastern nations are having fertile soil, rain and warm weather while the Northern  nations are innovative and industrious to survive the cold and they are producing a large quantity of food. For example in South Africa there are some parts that have fertile soil and produce large quantity of food and those part that the climatic conditions are not suitable for producing food.

According to Robert Park the ecological model was rejected in society due to functionalism because it was rejected by the theory of climate, biology and physics.  The challenges that many societies face in South Africa its the quality of the water and the shortage of water, for example there are some rural areas where there is no water and people use the river water which is polluted and it may leads to diseases like cholera and the bacterial diseases. So the communities faces a a huge problem when it comes to water as it is essential to living.  

 so it is social resilience because the people are expected to adjust to the threats that impact their lives a lot. and to many communities it is not social justice because there is no equality in accessing the equality when it comes to service delivery to many communities.

The leading problems to the environment is the decline in the fresh water, Adverse on the marine life, the destruction of the natural habitats and the depletion that is leading to climate change. And the natural environmental problems are floods, air pollution, global warming, storms and heat . The examples of the environmental problems in SA is the air pollution, for example the Sasolburg coal mining it is polluting the air and the lives of the people living near the mine are not safe as they will get sick.  Another example is that there is no fresh water in SA because the mines are polluting the fresh water in the dams and the rivers and the community members are dumping their wastage on the rivers and the dams, so as time goes by we will no longer have fresh water but the water with the higher level of the salt. Polluted air, water, soil, food lead to health problems to diseases such as cancer, cholera and the running stomach. This social problems we bring them by ourselves for example, people are busy cutting down the forests and destroying the wetlands  but we are forgetting one thing that we are making the animals to be distinct so basically we are destroying the ecosystem.

Sustainability of resources due to extracting the minerals from the ground. Global warming and consequently severe climatic conditions that threaten human populations. SA soon will experience drought as most of the rivers are polluted and dams.

The participatory development approach it is developmental process the participation of the beneficiaries from the inceptives stage to implementation. And it is used to collaborate and provide information between the community members and the stakeholders. UNESCO's Finding a Voice Project employs ICT for development  initiatives. Local content creation and distribution contributes to the formation of local information networks. And this kind of approach to build their own capacity and self reliance. The problem with these approach is that it has a limited success and the groups may face too much red tape.  This approach may lead to greater outcomes of success because the community will be the center of human development. 

1. Elaborate Boserup's contribution to visibility of women and development?

*Boserup went on to analyze and point out the adverse effects that colonization and capitalist penetration of subsistence economies often had on women.  The European colonial rulers were largely responsible for the neglect of the female farming systems of Africa and this results in the loss of the states of the African women. The discriminatory policies follow in education and training created technical cultural and productivity gap between men and women.

2 Describe the emergence of the WID approach 

women in development, it is based on the liberal modernization theory.  Women's development can be achieved addressing an economic issues. illiteracy and lack of vocational training prevented from being absorbed into modern economy.

3. Trace the WID approach through the first three conferences 

The WID approach is the women's  contribution for development that is not recognized by the policy makers. Women are treated as a beneficiaries of development but not as an active agents of development. As mostly women are seen as housewives, mothers and the reproducers.

4.Elaborate the GAD

The GAD approach does not consider women as a uniform GAD stands for gender and development. It focuses on the women emancipation and uprooting of the patriarchy and the radical feminism.  

Modernization is the process of social, cultural and economic transformation in which the countries evolves from the pre industrial to modern societies in the prescription of the MDCs. while the dependency is the situation whereby the development and the expansion of one economy is at the expense of another economy in the form of exploitation and colonialism. Modernization wants the societies to evolve from the traditional culture to modern because if they don't it is hindering the process of the modernization. while in the dependency theory they talk about the satellites and the metropole and in the satellites they produce raw materials and in the metropole they buy the raw materials in a lower price and they make a huge income from the raw material, it is exploitation as they capitalist their main goal at the end of the day is the profit.  In modernization we have five stages that leads the LDCs to MDCs and they are traditional society - pre-conditions for take off- take off- the drive to maturity and the high mass consumption. And in the modernization it is important to have economic progress conditions for some other purpose. in the dependency theory it takes when some countries are experiencing the growth in the expenses of the other country and it is caused by the postcolonial and the colonialism. if the countries are less developed are independent, those countries that are dominant they won't experience any growth no more.  

The four factors that are constitute to development is the distribution of income, political transformation, improvement in education and health and rural to urban migration.

In the distribution of income there has to be an equal distribution of income amongst the individuals and the distribution of income must be fairly distributed. For example in South Africa,  the employees that are doing the jobs that are difficult like cleaning and builders they earn a small of amount while those who sit in the offices earn a lot of money. In South Africa the GDP is very low compared to other countries and these means that the government is not generating the income.

The political transformation it must accompany the economic and the socio-cultural growth. For example in South Africa there is no political freedom and in this kind of manner it won't be able to constitute development in the economy and socio-cultural growth.

Improvements in education and health in South Africa there is an improvement in the structure of the economy and there is a progress in the education sector and the health infrastructure. Nowadays in South Africa the government ensured that we all get the same equal education no matter what and it also ensured that everyone that has a prescribed pills that he/she needs every month it is improvise in the health sectors. In South Africa the government ensured that young people get free education by  making the financial scheme of NSFAS.

Rural to urban areas, the migration is associated with the economic development and growth because in rural areas there is a shortage of jobs and the people in the rural areas migrate to better their lives in the urban areas where many economic activities take place. For example in South Africa many people move to JOBURG to look for jobs.

According to experts individuals, families and groups are considered to be in poverty when they can not obtain basic needs .They then tend to not participate in the activities which are customary to their societies. Many people who are considered to be within the poverty brackets can not obtain food to sustain their diet. He/she is unable to eat within two days, not having the household furniture and unable to maintain your life style.  Poverty is considered as the worst enemy in the society because no wants to be poor. Everyone in the society wants to live their best life instead of begging people to give them charity. 

Poverty is something that deprives an individuals in the society to have a peace of mind when it comes to their needs and wants. For example, the individual might want food to eat but they do not have food to eat and they are unable to have the food they require so they have to steal food so that they can provide food for their households.

Poverty it is creating the social problem to individuals because they create a living based on someone's tears. For example, when the thugs do hijacking, the only person that will suffer is the person involved in the incident because they might kill them if they refuse to give the thugs their car. What I am trying to say in this example is that innocent people get hurt in the expense of poverty. 

 Many people consider as a bad morality because others assume being poor its all about the choices while it is not like that. The government needs to create employment so that the problem of poverty can be taken out with immediately effect. The government must improvise the needs of the societies to take the situation of poverty once and for all.

The poverty emphasizes the individual/community being unable to participate in social, cultural life and economic activities. The benefits of poverty for individual and community is that the domestic work get done because they get employed by those earn higher income and have a higher social status. 

They contribute to recycling because they get up to clean the streets and recycling the products that needs to be cleaned. The other benefits is that they create a lower wage employment.  The poor people in the community the ones that are  homeless to create a security around their community because thieves wont be able to come to place that is full of homeless people because they know they will notice and report them to the police.

And the professional and business niches can be made by the people who are poor because they will think of other way to make money and to support their families. and the population of the poor people have an unconventional morals and the norms. The other benefit is that they get to think of the boxer to make sure that they leave the poverty life because everybody in life wants to afford the luxuries life, have a big house and a lot of cars like the Germans ones.