1. South Africa is the world's 30th driest country, according to Kohler (2016). Because we don't get much rain, when it does rain, the water evaporates on the ground and returns to the air phase nearly rapidly. The fact that only 20% of South Arica's ground water can be exploited poses a hurdle, further limiting water supply. Every year, the demand for water grows, as more people demand more water.
Many South Africans, according to Sarkodie and Adams (2020), cannot afford power, and it is not easily accessible to a large number of people. Electricity is only available to the "wealthy."

2. social justice entails striking a balance between our collective and individual responsibilities in order to contribute to a more just society.

3. Environmental social justice, according to Rathzel (2018), is a sort of justice for persons who have been "left out" during environmental disasters. For example, in South Africa, our air is becoming increasingly polluted as a result of the mining. As a result, environmental social justice exists to assist individuals who are affected by environmental situations.

4. The Wedland project aids in the purification of water, the provision of water, and the management of water flow in impoverished areas. This project also assisted in the creation of employment opportunities for at least 2000 people living in poverty. Making their lives a little less difficult.

5. South Africa's environmental situation is dire, and things are only getting worse. Most of our supplies, such as fuels like coal and freshwater, are depleted. As a result, we're compelled to employ more expensive methods to provide people with energy and water. This is inconvenient since many south africans are underprivileged and unable to make the necessary changes.

Karl Marx emphasizes the issue of soil fertility in capitalist agriculture. The capitalist agriculture is focused on generating a quick profit at the expense of the environment and people. He raised concerns about the industrialisation, that has pushed people away from their habitats(rural areas) to the over populated city where is plenty of environmental problems and this also adds to the problem because the more the people, the bigger the problem.

 Max Weber's theory has two aspects that Murphy used and those are the ;SARCE RESOURCES, FORMAL RATIONALIZATION & SUBSTANTIVE RATIONALITY.  Weber claimed that the impact of capitalist development resulted in growth on scarce resources. Formal rationalization encourages comprehensive logic in which  the profit and efficiency take precedence.  Substantive rationality encourages hostility for the environment, resulting in scarcity and deterioration

There are a slew of serious environmental issues that have arisen most because us human beings. The existence of society is responsible for all natural hazards. Pollution, deforestation, overfishing ,climate change and biodiversity but human activities are the main factors of these environmental issues. freshwater scarcity, global warming, and habitat degradation are all examples of environmental issues.

Participatory development approach.

Another variant of alternative theories is the participatory planning approach, also known as the humanistic approach. Participatory planning aims to include the vulnerable and local population in development programs by allowing them to take part in them. This strategy allows society to develop its own capability, empowerment, sustainability, and self-reliance. According to the humanistic perspective, growth is a mechanism that focuses on the community's participation in their own development through the use of available resources and guiding the community's potential development. This method encourages people to participate in the planning process as collaborators.

(WID) Women in Development approach.

WID "gave a voice to women" and brought gender issues to the forefront of the international development regime, which had been supervised by colonial officials imbued with Western conceptions of the sexual division of labor and had put new technology in the hands of men. Women are marginalized as a result of this mechanism, which lowers their status, power, and incomes. Women were left out of development strategy, science, and practice. They weren't entirely winning, and in some cases, growth made it worse. Women were often perceived as having less opportunities to participate in growth.

 Women should be included in development projects, according to the WID strategy, in order to improve women's role in society. The focus was on revenue-generating welfare programs as well as services aimed at enhancing their reproductive roles. Women should have equitable access to services and basic needs, including more equal educational and work opportunities, in order to maximize their economic independence.

(WAD) Women and Development approach .

According to the WAD, it was precisely their affiliation with modernization that had caused them to fall behind. The WAD approach is founded on the idea that equality is essential for improving women's status, but it also defines change as providing women with access to the productive sector. It concentrated on the social interactions between men and women, with women always playing active and reproductive roles in their societies. They argued that WID's focus on women's integration into industrialized societies was incorrect.

(GAD) Gender and Development.

Gender and Growth sought to put together both the benefits and drawbacks of WID and WAD methods. GAD examines how growth affects both women and men. Women were not a homogeneous group, according to Gender and Growth, but were divided by race, class, and ethnicity. Gender and development also recognizes that although women may participate in development, they may not benefit from it.

Modernisation

It is the process by which a nation "evolves" from a pre-industrial to a modern society on social, economic, and cultural levels. Countries must go through a sequence of five stages of growth. The conventional society, take-off conditions, take-off, the maturity drive, and high mass consumption People are considered modern in a country if they have political, economic, and social equality, as well as high literacy rates.

The failure of the modernization theory to resolve the underdevelopment of third-world countries has resulted in dependency. They are interested in the causes of underdevelopment and how it progresses.

1. Modenisation

it is how we outgrow our previous way of leaving and into a new way of leaving. for example, our technology, we went from building cars with our own hands to having machines who can do that for us.

2. Distribution of income.

 the distribution of income process must be done in a fair manner, as we all are depending on it to afford a standard living or to survive.

3. Improvements in health and education.

since it is said, that education is the key to success, it shows that education is really important for individuals and for the state. The more we get educated, the more we get the ability to grow our state or it get developed.

4. Growth and Stractural change.

As a developing country, we have to change some things we do and allow growth to take place. we must focus our biggest contributors to our economy, like farming and mining. that way economical growth and change will be visible.

A large number of people in South Africa are living in poverty. Getting help from the government is one of the benefits . It helps those individuals maintain the minimum standard of living.  Individuals with children, foster children or living with disabilities, get grant money which is not much but helps them with essential things like food and basic household things. For those with low income, some are able to save the money and start small businesses. Lastly they are identified as living under poverty , they don't get to pay tax with their income. 

As of the communities living in poverty, they don't get to pay services from the government for example, health services , education, social welfare , housing ,etc. The government tries by all means to keep the communities clean , giving out houses so that  the homeless get houses, people get to go to school without paying. There are programs offered to those communities where by people get to show their skills and learn more. That way ,they'll try and use their skills to get some sort of income and get their lives together. 

Those are the major benefits of poverty I've found , espacially in south africa.