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* Water is a vital natural resource, demanding careful management. It is essential for life and integral to virtually all economic activities, including energy and food production and the production of industrial outputs. The availability of clean water in sufficient quantities is not only a prerequisite for human health and well-being but the life-blood of freshwater ecosystems and the many services that these provide. 

There exist a handful of studies that consider the impact of electricity consumption on poverty, inequality, quality of life or human development index. The few studies reviewed largely point to the view that electricity access is good for the poor.

* According to Calma (2011) social justice basically means to find a balance between our responsibilities as a society and our responsibilities as individuals to contribute to a  just society.

* According to Rathzel(2018) environmental social justice means that it is a type of justice for people who as been left out during environmental problems.

* The complexity of achieving the environment and human development goal is epitomised in the payments of the ecosystem services literature particularly in the fairness

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Women in development concept is based on a recognition of the importance of the roles and status of women in development process. It is meant to give special attention to the women's role, while extending development assistance. Women in development is an approach of development projects that emerged in the 1960s, calling for treatment of women's issues in development projects. It is the integration of women into the global economies by improving their status and assisting in total development.

Empowering women is essential to the health and social development of families, communities and countries. When women are living safe, fulfilled and productive lives, they can reach their full potential.

Gender equality refers to “the extent to which national cultures support women's development and achievements”. In countries where there is more support for gender equality, workers may have greater expectations for support from the government

Poverty s a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living. It means that the income level from employment is so low that basic human needs can't be met. It is about not having enough money to meet basic needs including food, clothing and shelter. However, poverty is more, much more than just not having enough money. The World Bank Organization describes poverty in this way: povrrty is hunger. It is lack of shelter.

The reason why Poverty exist in our community

There is no single cause of poverty. Rather, there are multiple causes that are linked and compounding. Poverty can strike during an unexpected crisis: a serious health problem, job loss, or divorce. These crises can be particularly debilitating when compounded by other risk factors such as low education, limited skills training, lack of savings, or lack of family supports. Poverty can result from personal struggle – physical, mental, or emotional – and many people experiencing poverty are faced with a lack of emotional, psychological or financial support. Poverty also exists because of bigger systems: changing market demand for skills or labour, gaps in social safety nets, the high costs of education and health, or because of systemic discrimination. Poverty exists for all these interlocking reasons and is compounded by the interaction of causes and effects.

Environmental issues may present themselves as temporary or permanent changes to the atmosphere, water, and land due to human activities, which can result in impacts that may be either reversible or irreversible. Environmental  problems are also also social problrms. These problems are as well known as society problems that challenge us to change those patterns of organization and thought.

Some of the environmental and social problems are

Air emissions and air quality.

Energy use and conservation.

Wastewater and water quality.

Water use and conservation.

Hazardous materials use.

Wastes.

Our natural environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic growth are environmentally sustainable.

The four environmental narratives identified in South Africa

1. Non-state actors
2. Local views
3. The conservation
4. The economy

The objectives and motive for each narrative

1. Non-state
Many non-state actors rightly fit into the same category as any other cyber criminal. One possible exception in this group is the corporation. Although we would like to think that most corporations generally follow the rules and regulations that bind such entities, we can see many illustrative examples in the media of this not being the case.

2. Local views

The motive of local views is to provide a system under which Councils perform the functions and exercise the powers conferred by or under this Act and any other Act for the peace, order and good government of their municipal districts.

3. The conservation
Long-term conservation potential depends heavily on local people being motivated to commit their time continuously over several years

4. The economy
Global warming leads to rising sea levels, volatile weather patterns and could cause significant economic costs. Deforestation damages soil and makes areas more prone to draught. Economic growth leads to resource depletion and loss of biodiversity. Creation of waste and toxins.

 Do these narratives contributes to an understanding of the SA environment ?

Yes they do, it becomes easier to understand what is happening on our country.

What are the two main environmental discourses in SA, according to Stewart and Zaaiman?

1. Social justice env discourses in SA
2. Sustainable development (SD) 

How does the sustainable development discourses link to the SA policies

South Africa aspires to be a sustainable, economically prosperous and self-reliant nation state that safeguards its democracy by meeting the fundamental human needs of its people, by managing its limited ecological resources responsibly for current and future generations, and by advancing efficient

four factors that constitute to development

1. Physical Capital
2. Human resources
3. Technology
4. Natural resources

Physical Capital

Improvements and increased investment in physical capital. Factories and equipment that are modern and well-maintained are more productive than physical labor. Higher productivity leads to increased output.

Labor becomes more productive as the ratio of capital expenditures per worker increases. An improvement in labor productivity increases the growth rate of the economy.

Human Resources

The skills, education and training of the labor force have a direct effect on the growth of an economy. A skilled, well-trained workforce is more productive and will produce a high-quality output that adds efficiency to an economy.

A shortage of skilled labor can be a deterrent to economic growth. An under-utilized, illiterate and unskilled workforce will become a drag on an economy and may possibly lead to higher unemployment.

Technology

Improvements in technology have a high impact on economic growth. As the scientific community makes more discoveries, managers find ways to apply these innovations as more sophisticated production techniques.

The application of better technology means the same amount of labor will be more productive, and economic growth will advance at a lower cost.

Natural resources

The quantity and availability of natural resources affect the rate of economic growth. The discovery of more natural resources, such as oil or mineral deposits, will give a boost to the economy by increasing a country's production capacity.

The effectiveness of a county at utilizing and exploiting its natural resources is a function of the skills of the labor force, type of technology and the availability of capital. Skilled and educated workers are able to use these natural resource to spur the growth of the economy.

Dependency theory: 

Dependency theory is an approach to understanding the economic development of a country in terms of the external influences like political, economic, and cultural effects on national development policies.

Modernization theory:

Modernization theory is an approach to understanding how traditional or underdeveloped societies transform to modern societies.

The main difference between these theories is that dependency theory focuses more on poor and underdeveloped countries and modernization theory focuses on rich and developed countries.

Enviromental issues are harmful consequences of human activity on the natural environment. Some of the environmental issues are: 

 • Pollution can be defined as the introduction of harmful substances into the environment. Most of the time, the harmful substances come from industry and modes of transportation, such as cars, which release waste products that are harmful to humans, animals and plants.

 • Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's temperatures. Normally it happens by earth quakes or floods and this damages the community making to society at stress because they have to redo everything

 • Food Wastage 

 • Biodiversity loss

 • Agriculture is the leading cause of deforestation, another one of the biggest environmental problems appearing on this list causing deforestation