Darwinist principles were applied to the human social environment by Hebert Spencer. In the natural universe, humans compete with other species for existence, and in the social world, humans compete with each other for survival. Mead and Cooley discovered that sociology had radically altered psychology, with physics, nature, and climate taking their place. However, according to Durkheim, society is a social organism that must adapt to its external social and physical surroundings on a continual basis.

Huntington's goal is to show that the development and collapse of entire civilizations is linked to changes in climate zones across time. He aimed to build a sequence of correlatives between climate and interpersonal factors and external elements by linking climate and productivity, with ramifications for nations through time.

The environment and society are inextricably interwoven. They include modern environmental insights, concepts and ideas valuable in theorising about 21st century concerns, and they are derived from the classical canon, with certain paradigms constructed in typologies employing the classical canon.

In the context of South Africa, the issues discovered are the provision of clean water, the provision of water that is sustainable, and the provision of water that is agreed upon.

Environmental issues are the primary cause of societal issues, yet people are the primary cause of environmental issues in the majority of cases. Air pollution, global warming, and ice defrosting at the North Pool are all examples of environmental issues. In South Africa, for example, wildfires occur almost every year in Cape Town, contributing to air pollution.

But, tragically, if our air pollution worsens, our ozone layer will deplete, even if a powerful and massive storm strikes densely inhabited, poorly constructed dwellings, more individuals are likely to perish than those who reside in well-constructed dwellings. As a result, everything is interconnected.

Participatory development aids in the development of a society's ability and self-reliance. It also involves community members in the development process. This involvement demonstrates the importance for communication between community members and stakeholders. However, like with anything else, there are some drawbacks to participatory development, such as a lack of ability and the use of ineffective technologies. In South Africa there is an example of UNESCO's Finding a Voice Project who employs ICT for development initiatives.

Compare and contrast the core tenets of the modernization and dependency theories

Modernization  theories

• According to this theory in equality is caused by or is the result of industrial and cultural  differences between nations. 
• Low-income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization or inability or reluctance to adopt new technologies. therefore, modernization is measured by economic growth, increased urbanization and technological progress.  
• Modernization focuses on the domestic factors of a country, it therefore believes that with help underdeveloped countries can be brought to developed in using the same methods that more developed countries used. Basically, developing countries should follow blindly the example of more developed western countries and this will bring them economic, social, and cultural prosperity.
• The modernization theory is based on the assumption that western countries are well-developed, and that the western way of growth is regarded as the most efficient and promising, with few alternatives.

dependency theories

• Global inequality is caused by high-income nations exploiting low-income or middle-income nations which creates  a cycle of dependency. some nations gained wealth at the expense of other nations.
• Poor nations provide  natural resources, cheap labour, ect. for developed nations.
• Dependency theory emphasizes that relationships between developing and developed countries are focused on developing nations' dependency on developed countries, rather than on increasing cooperation between them.
• According to dependency theory, the poorest countries in the world are poor not because they are not part of the developed world economy, but because of their position within it.