Learning Activity 12

1. Kohler (2017) states that the South African water challenge is that we have little annual rain, only a small part of our grounds can be utilized and that the real drivers of widespread water intensity changes and the optimal policy needed to manage our water resources are lacking in general agreement. As the rain doesn't come in much, the soil evaporates the water when it showers and it returns nearly immediately to the atmosphere and that confirms a problem facing South Africa as a country.
2. Sarkodie & Adams' (2020) energy problem is that wealth disparity affects electricity access whereas earnings and human development have a favourable impact on electricity availability. Sarkodie and Adams (2020) continues that vulnerable people in South Africa struggle to afford energy and they choose not to buy instead of buying they temper the electricity and that lead to power failure. Electricity is only available to the "wealthy" people because they can afford
3. Calma et al. (2011) states that social justice is striking the best level of balance between our collective responsibilities as a society and our individual responsibilities to help build a just society. Social justice is essentially in a way that it balance our responsibilities as a society and our individual responsibilities.
4. According to Rathzel (2018), social justice in the environment indicates that justice in the environment is for people who have "left out" and that environmental Social Justice is a kind of social justice designed to address equity and fairness issues arising from environmental crises' inequities.
5. In 2008, almost 2000 individuals were employed in the Wetland initiative to alleviate poverty. The Wetland project contributes to water purification, water supply and the management of water circulation in poor areas.
6. Climate change and energy crisis issues are most prevalent when it comes to environmental status. They want us to move on to renewable energy. However, as result of our country's past, this transition is not easy as many people are poor and they do not have access to energy

Learning Activity 11

The four environmental narratives identified in South Africa are; the conservation, the economic, non-state actors and local views.

• The conservation view is motivated by the authoritarian approach which has believed that people should not be given the rights to land and usually leads to forced removals and resettlements.
• The economic view states that land is used for buying and selling and it is seen as an asset that boosts the socio-economic development of a country.
• The non-state actor view is a view that is influenced by people that do not reside in the community.
• Local community view is motivated by the belief that the relationship with the environment is influenced by the socio-political context.

According to Stewart and Zaaiman, sustainable development and environmental and social justice are two of the key environmental discourses in South Africa. In the discourse about sustainable development, policy uses international systems and the theory of ecological modernisation with private sector assistance.

This discourse is motivated by continuing progress, providing social and environmental justice, without damaging the environment. Access to environmental resources is related to social challenges and their repercussions on the community in the Social Justice debate.

Learning Activity 10

The environment is a vital aspect for countries to thrive, according to Buckle. For example, because of warm climates, that’s the only reason why East countries are developed. Due to their huge quantities of mild climates, fertile land, rain, the Eastern nations grow. The countries of the North were created to survive the cold, produce a food volume while the countries of the South are stranded.

Therefore, different regions of our country and different climates exist in South Africa. The mild weather in the free state, for example, is ideal for food production and sufficient rain for the production of foodstuffs leads to fertile soil because of this and severe dry land in regions such as North Cape which makes it difficult for food to grow.

In South Africa we have challenge of population growth which leads to shortage of water and other resources. People who are vulnerable struggle to buy water when there is a shortage. In Sebokeng we have a place called Sonourwater, people inhabited there place and build their Zozo without the government permission and the struggled to get water. Because of desperation of place.

We have several companies in South Africa that contribute to air pollution affecting our ozone layer such as Sasol Firm, All environmental issues in society are hence resilience, because individuals have difficulties in being served by government. The government's sense is not sufficient to satisfy its demands.

Learning Activity 9

Introduction

The issue of understanding the public determination on ecological problem is discussed in details and what causes the society to stay away from agriculture, the role of its position, together with social equity

Relationship between nature and society

Giddens, P. & Sutton, (2013) explains that the nature of the area is not only a passive inert1 backdrop the social dramas which can be safe Sociologists ignored it. It's a working force1 it typically has an important function to play in corporate shaping.

Sociology can help us to understand how environmental problems are distributed,

I.e. how are different social grouping affected by particular adverse environmental conditions? Are they equally affected? If not, why not? What factors play a role?

A severe storm, flooding or fire will affect densely populated poorly structured houses and those in informal settlements far worse than better structured homes that are more widely spread out

Demonstrate an understanding of the social shaping of environmental problems and the role of status, power and social equity

According D. & Hyndman, D (2017) the CO2 or greenhouse gas contamination by emissions from the great number of cars and centralized power stations characterizing modern cities. The degradation of the wi.th rising urbanization linked natural ecosystems;

Conclusion

Bibliography

Giddens, P. & Sutton, P.W.2013. Sociology, 7th ed. Polity Press.Ch5p. 156; Hyndman,

D. & Hyndman, D. 2017. Natural disasters, 5th ed.Ch1;

Learning Activity 8

Discuss the concept of participatory development approach and critique each with example from South Africa context 

Participatory Development

People’s participation became more pronounced in humanist approaches since the late 1970s, the development process involves the participation of the beneficiaries from the inception stage to implementation of the development intervention.

E.g. One of the key problems slowing human development in South Africa is the absence of engagement of developing communities in the creation and execution of policies and programs that influence their lives (GCIS 2009) In this case participation is not used as a passive process i.e. the government, NGOs to only garner for information, people in a position to question the existing structures. Recognizing South Africa as a developing country draws attention to suitable strategies and approaches to change mobilization.

Participatory development (aided by Communication for Participatory Development) this approach enables the society to build their own capacity and self-reliance

The approach allows grassroots people to become partners in the development process

Participation is used as a way to collaborate and provide information between community members and all stakeholders involved

Learning Activity 7

Long time before woman used to suffer recognition because women were expected to be in the kitchen and do her routines’ over there. Again woman was supposed to give birth and took care of the family by making sure that everything runs smooth and that everybody need are fulfilled.

The reflection of Gender and development (GAD) took place during the 80’s and it gives raise to the GAD approaches that focuses on men and women. Also its aim was to bring together both the lessons and limitations learnt from WID and WAD approaches. It also looked at the impact of development on both women and men, with gender relation that women. GAD argued that women were not a homogeneous group but rather divided by race, class and ethnicity. The feminist approaches and develop GAD in a radical feminism in women’s emancipation and the uprooting of patriarchy and here in South Africa we experience the scenario whereby there was a march which was initiated by women to march to union building in Pretoria in order to push the abolishment of the law that required the citizen to carry their passport everywhere they go.

WID Women in development approaches started in the early 1970’s and focused on the restructuring development programs of welfare, equity, antipoverty empowerment of woman. On the basis of their own experiences in overseas missions they began to challenge trickledown theories of development, arguing that modernization was impacting differently on men and women. Although the WID approaches had its limitation in increased the visibility of women in development.