Learning Activity 6 : Study unit 3 part 6

Contrasting views between the modernization and dependency theory.

The modernization theory is defined as a theory that utilizes systematic processes in order to shift underdeveloped countries to upper levels of development. On the other hand, the dependency theory is presented as a theory that improves the modernization theory and also incorporate elements involved within the neo-Marxist theory. According to Shareia(2015:79) the main focus of the modernization theory includes cultural change; political; implosion of western values and policies. Contrast to the dependency theory which focuses more on totality of society and social system periphery. The dependency theory explains the difference between imperialistic countries by concentrating on specific regions and structural conditions within different states, whilst, the modernization theory highlights the difference and inequality within states by identifying different values, systems and ideas practiced by different states. Moreover, this was implemented through the direction of institutional structures in non-industrialized countries according to a phased process. In addition, the positive and negative aspects of the modernization theory is that it involves modern technology, but yet disregards the concerns of developing countries, respectively. The dependency theory, in contrast to, the modernization theory accounts for the difference between developed and developing countries, as a positive feature of this theory. However, the failure lies in the fact that Western capitalist systems are viewed adversely, as inappropriate to publicly owned enterprises.

Comparison between the modernization and dependency theory.

Similarly, both theories focus on the development of Third World (LDC) conditions. The modernization and dependency theory correlate in respect of the use of methodology which affirms the development process and execute nation-state as a scope-unit of analysis. They both apply perspectives that follow a bilateral structured theoretical system, which involves the modern traditional system and also includes the minor-major dependency, respective to either theory. Furthermore, the role of accounting systems in developing countries is reliant on the guidelines proposed by the UN and World Bank.

The following passage will be comparing two theorectical approaphes to social

problems namely:the structural functionalist orientation and symbolic interactionist

orietation. One similar aspect of the two orientations is that they are in favour of

socialisation and social interactions, respectively, within the society.

Contrary, in structural functionalist orientation social problems are observed to be the

main reason for a weakened social stability whereas,the symbolic interactionsist

orientation highlights that the main reason for social problems within this approach is

fostered by the interactions between individuals. Another contrast is that the symbololic

interationist orientation makes use various symbols such as, words and gestures to

attain shared meaning and understandin for individual interactions, while the structural

functionalist orientation does not make use of any symbols but greatly focuses on

achieving social stability. In symbolic interactionist orientation individuals are able to

construct their own roles and do not actively have to practice roles set by the sociey, in

contrast to the structural functionalist approach which roles are enforced by the societal

system. The structural functionalist orientation is strongly rooted in achieving and

maintaining social stability whilst the opposing orientation is more focused on

interactions that lead to influential behaviours from other individuals. Solutions for social

problems under the structural functionalist orientation should be prsented in the form of

gradual social reforms as opposed to far-reaching techniques. However, because social

problems within the symbolic interactionist orientation arise through individual

interactions a plausible soution to this would be to either limit or restrict social

interactions, which is the inevitable.

Learning Activity 1

 Depression is not a social problem; reason being that depression does not affect or impact society at large but individuals whom are suffering from it. Depression is not a condition that limits the goals and achievements set by the society; the extent of seriousness (mental health) is still being addressed. In addition, depression can be viewed as being driven by personal choices.

Smash and grab is not a social problem. Reason being that it only affects a particular group of individuals (those that own motor vehicles) and not a large group of people. The cause originates from crime.  Although this behaviour or condition needs to be addressed, the extent of seriousness has not received enough consideration.

Rape is definitely a social problem, firstly rape is a big socio economic issue every country faces, it consists of causes that are almost unidentifiable and unexplainable. Many lives are threatened by the rape culture and it has affected many lives, both direct and indirect. Due to the extent of its seriousness and harm it inflicts on many, it has gained the attention of powerful members of society and the consideration that it needs to be hampered.

Fast food as a social problem is a debatable concept. To some extent, fast food is not a social problem as it does not affect or have negative impacts towards the society. It could be a leading factor to issues such as obesity, yet this does not prevent any goal to be achieved by society. Thus, it is less harmful. Fast food is a personal choice and does not impact society.

HIV/AIDS is a social problem. It has the potential to affect a large number of people (those directly and indirectly affected) and has gained consideration and also attention from powerful parties in society.