1. According to Kohler (2016), South Africa ranks number 30 as being one of the driest countries in the world. The fact that it hardly rains, when it rains the ground evaporates the water and it goes into the atmospheric phase quickly. The fact that only 20% of our ground water can be used means that the water availability is limited and this gets worse each year so a lot of people lack water.

Sarkodie and Adams (2020) said that a lot of people in South Africa cannot afford electricity and only 'rich' people can afford it.

2. Calma (2011) defined social justice as finding a balance between the responsibility of a society and the responsibility of individuals to contribute to a society.

3. Rathzel (2018) defined environmental social justice as a type of justice for those who were "left out" during environmental problems. For example, all the factories in our country that pollutes the air having a negative impact on the environment and people. Hence, helping those who are affected by environmental problems would be environmental social justice. 

4. The Wedland Project helps by purifying water, providing it and managing its flow in poverty areas and this project also helped with proving job opportunities to +- 2000 people living in poverty. 

5. South Africa's environmental state is very bad, most of the resources to produce water and electricity are becoming scarce and this pushes us into using more expensive alternatives to get water and electricity. This only makes matters worse because there are a lot of people already living in poverty.

1. What are the four types of environmental narratives in South Africa?

• Conservation
• Economic
• Non-state actors
• Local community views

2. What are the objectives and motives for each narrative? 

-Conservation view: 

• The objection is that nature restores itself, hence it does not need humans to interfere and it needs humans for maintenance only.
• The motive is that it creates awareness and panic about the state of the environment.

-Economic view:

• The objective is that the environment is an economic asset which is there for trading goods or buying and selling
• The motive is that nature should be used as a development process for people to be kept out of poverty.

-Non-state view:

• The objective is that this view is not for the local community, but for external parties.
• The motive is that the environment should be respected and protected.

-Local community view:

• This view is determined by time, place and individual characteristics and circumstances including local power politics, hence it very complex and different.
• The motive of this view is determined by the nature of the relationship with the environment according to the socio-political context.

3. Do these narratives contribute to an understanding of the South African environment?

• These narratives helps us as humans see our impact on the environment, whether it is positive or negative. Hence, yes they do.

4. According to Stewart and Zaaiman, what are the two main environmental discourses in South Africa?

• Social justice environmental discourses in South Africa: This discourse shows us social problems in our communities such as unemployment, poverty and poor quality education and the way we contribute to these problems. In order to fight against environmental injustice in South Africa, political undertones, power relations and radicalism were put in place.
• Sustainable Development: This discourse is used to show how people affect nature and when they depend on nature and it also joined forces with other countries to develop the theory and practice of ecosystem accounting which is called the Natural Capital Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem service project. 

5. How does the Sustainable Development discourse link to South African policies?

• It helps South African policies identify the problem that need to be fixed and help provide a systemic way to track, measure and report on stock and flows of natural capital.

The participatory development includes that members or beneficiaries take part from the inception stage to the implementation of the development intervention. This developmental approach allows the people to grow their own capacity and self-reliance. It is also useful as a model of communication between the members and stakeholders. However, there are issues like limited capacity and inappropriate technological development. Development initiatives in SA are achieved by the use of UNESCO's Finding a Voice Project, for example.

People are believed to be the ones who are mainly responsible for environmental problems, although it is also vice versa. The pollution of air and climate change are some of the environmental issues we are faced with in the world. The big fire breakout in Cape Town and the several factories are some of the things that lead a air pollution in South African. The more air pollution there is, the more we lose our ozone and the more the sun will be. 

Buckle says that the environment is an important aspect for the world to grow. The Eastern part of the world grows mainly because of its warm weather. This is the reason why Buckle says that the nature of the environment is important. In the North, it is a bit difficult to get through the cold weather. But in order to get through it, they developed new ideas and became industrious in order to produce enough food. When it comes to South Africa, our climate is very diversified. Let us take for example the Eastern province where the weather is often very warm and there is enough rain to produce plants and food. Because people are considered to be the main reasons for pollution, they are excluded from ecological principles and the pro-development paradigm leads to crisis and environmental degradation. SA for example, like any other country, has a vehicles and factories and people who smoke leading to air pollution which has a negative impact on our o-zone layer. 

1. Borsep's contribution to visibility of Women and Development.

This approach is based on the dependency theory.

•The WAD developed in the latter part of the 1970s as a result of its criticisms leveled against the WID approach

•The WID approach argued that women should be brought into the modernization process. The WAD perspective argued that it was precisely their link with modernization that had made them more poor.

•The WAD approach comes from the perspective that equality will be essential to improving women’s positions, but still frames change in terms of providing women access to the productive sector

2. Describe the emergence of the WID approach.

• WID stands for Women In Development. This approach is based on the liberal modernization theory. It involves restructuring development programs such as welfare, antipoverty, equity and empowerment. This approach was founded in the 1970's by a Washington-based network of female development professionals (Thinker, 1990:30).

3. Trace the WID approach through the first three world conferences.

• The first three international women's conference are from Mexico (1975), Nairobi (1980), Copenhagen (1985). The third women group pressured the emergence of the WID. The status of women from this approach on par with men was based on equality. This was emerged in 1975.

4, Elaborate the GAD approach.

• GAD stands for Gender and Development. This represents radical feminism and focuses on women's emancipation and uprooting of patriarchy. The GAD approach does not consider women as a uniform.

Modernization:

Modernization refers to the process of social, economic and cultural transfromation where a country developes from being underdeveloped to a mordern society heading to the prescriptions of the More Developed countries, for example, North America.

Theorists of modernization say that in order for a country to be modernized, the tradition-oriented cultures have to be left behind. The theories state that poor countries are poor because they are yet to develop into modern economies. A country is also considered to be modernized when people have political and economic freedom.

Dependency Theory:

The dependency theory means that More Developed Countries experience growth at the expense of Less Developed Countries. 

Theorists of dependeny argue that 3rd world countries are poor because they are being exploited by 1st world countries which developed from colonialism. The theory also advances that all contemporary societies are combined into one world economic system which is capitalist the system.

Development refers to change or progression in almost all areas.

Factors that constitute development:

1. Growth and Structural change.

For development to occur, structural change and growth is required. The core focus of the economy goes from primary to tertiary sector. Less developed countries get their main source of income from the primary sector. For example South Africa (SA) uses mining, farming, fishing and forestry. Developing countries get their income mostly from the secondary sector. For example SA provides manufactured goods such as furniture by transforming raw materials into finished goods or products. The tertiary sector takes over the total output of the economy in developed countries that have a high national income, hence SA does not apply to this sector.

2. Distribution of income.

For countries to develop, a fairly even distribution of income is required, meaning that there's income improvement for all. Meaning income distribution is fair, but the idea of "fair" is subjective. Equal distribution of income may speed up growth and encourage economic development. In a nation, division of wealth and income is one way in which the wealth and income of a nation is divided fairly among its population.

3. Modernization.

The majority of development theorists say that societies should move from traditional to modern societies by the process o modernization in order for development to occur. A country is only modernized when it has adapted or embraced new and advanced technologies. For example SA has also adapted to the modernization of online payments as key to economic growth.

4. Political transformation.

Development democracy means political growth should come with economic and socio-cultural growth. For example, the political freedom in East Asia is increasing and has an impact on economic growth, but in SA and Zimbabwe, development has not yet been equated with political freedom.

Class activity: Give a thorough definition of poverty as suggested by experts.

According Peter Townsend, a family, group or individual is said to be poor when they cannot get the different types of diets or take part in activities and if they do not have the living conditions and amenities which are customary in the society they live in.

Existing poverty concepts and definitions within South Africa and how those definitions are conceptualised/ measured by experts:

1. Fractions of the income distribution

   In South Africa, the resource-based conceptualization of relative poverty is usually defined by reference to the bottom 20% or 40% of the expenditure distribution. The study of RDP adopted a practice which defines 'poor' as the poorest 40% of households and ultra poor as the poorest 20% of households (May 1998:27)

2. $1 and $2 a day

3. The Poverty Datum Line

   This was the first poverty line in South Africa which was founded in the 1940s by Magasela, 2005. This is made up of 2 parts namely the Primary and Secondary Poverty Datum Line. The Primary datum line consisted of cost of food, cleaning equipment, fuel and light and clothing. The Secondary datum line made provision for the cost of accommodation (rent), transport and taxation for the breadwinner (LIBID).

4. Minimum Living Level and Supplemental Living Level

   The MLL was developed in the mid 1970s and was described as the “lowest sum possible on which a specific size household can live” (Budlender et al, 1994, quoted Magasela)

5. The Household Subsistence Llevel and Household Effective Level

   The household subsistence level excluded medical expenses, savings, education, insurance, holidays, buying household equipment and any transport which did not include the breadwinner going and coming back from work. To accommodate these needs, this line was augmented by the household effective level which in effect increased the value by 50% ( Meth, 2006).

6. Hoogeveen and Ozler- Upper and Lower bound poverty lines

   This line was developed in 2004 by Hoogeveen and Ozler. They used the 'cost of basice needs' approach based on the 2000s prices. The upper bound line was set at R593 per capita per month and the lower bound line was set at R322 per capita per month.

7. Food insecurity measures of poverty

The conflict orientation consist of three different orientations which are: lose-lose in which nobody wins, lose-win in which a single person wins and win-win where both participants win.

The inequality between gender, race, social class, etc... causes conflict within in the society, hence, for us to eliminate or minimize conflict in society, we would have to totally stop social inequality.

Looking at the Feminist orientation, we have four different types of feminism which are: liberal, socialist, Marxism and radical feminism. Feminism assumes that gender inequality exists in our society and females are the subordinates. Out of many purposes of feminism, giving women recognition and a 'voice' is the main purpose.

In conclusion, conflict and feminism orientation are similar in a way that both of them have inequalities that affect the orientation and one way that we can try stop these inequalities is to eliminate discrimination.