Structural functionalist orientation and conflict orientation 

The structural functionalist orientation states that society is a system that is made up of interrelated parts that work together and if it happens that one part of the system stops working or change, the whole system will no longer work properly. This is different from the conflict orientation where groups from different social classes, race, gender are in conflict with each other and the conflict arises from the competition for resources. In the structural functionalist orientation, social problems occur when one or more parts of the system fails to perform their tasks, this will create a dysfunction in the society which will lead to social problems, while in the conflict orientation social problems can arise when the higher class exploits the lower class by keeping most of the capital and resources for themselves. Social problems can create negative consequences for both theories, but they can also be necessary in the society

*Depression

It is social example 

Because it is affecting many people, many people lose their lives because of it. And it is an example of a social problem because it is a behavior that needs to be addressed. The depression can be caused by anything like family matters, relationships and diseases. Many people are busy committing suicide because of the depression cause they can't deal with the pressure that comes along with thus social problem, so they take the easy way out instead of asking for help!!

*smash and grab

It is a social example

Because many people are complaining about the robbery. And it affects large amount of people in the society, and they are stealing the things that people worked hard for and this leads to social problem that needs to be attended by the government to ensure that claims of the people it is administered.

*Rape

It is a social example

Because many people are complaining and it is large amount of them especially women. It is a social example because innocent girls gets raped and their predators are released from the prison early. Knowing very well that it is not a good thing for a society to live with these predators that prey on the little girls that got bright future ahead of them. It is so painful for women, because they get traumtised and they are always afraid to walk in night because the predators might rape them.

This issue needs to be attended by the government more than anything and make a permanent solution to those who create this criminal offense. 

*HIV/AIDS 

It is an example of social example 

Because many people are affected by it and it makes the immune system to be weak. It is a social problem because the people who have a AIDS are judged by the society and blamed instead of society supporting those people. Many people are hurt by this and the government is making sure that the public hospital gives the pills of HIV/AIDS so that the people can live their lives without having to worry too much about their disease

1.According to Kohler (2016)South Africa is the 30th driest country in the world. Because we don't receive a lot of rain, when it rains the soil evaporates the water and it re-enter the atmospheric phase almost instantly a challenge that South Africa face is that only 20% of SA ground water can be used which limits the water availability even further. The need of water intensifies each year with more people demanding more water.

According to Sarkodie and Adams(2020) many South African Citizens can't afford electricity and are not easily accessible to a lot of people.

2.According to Calma(2011)social justice basically means to find a balance between our responsibilities as a society and our responsibilities as individuals to contribute to a society.

3.According to Rathzel 2018 environmental social justice means that it is a type of justice for people who has been "left out" during environmental problems. For example in SA all the mines pollute the air, so the environmental justice is there to help those who suffers under the environmental conditions.

4.The wedland project helps to pure the water, provide water and manage the water flow in poverty effective areas. This Project also helped to provide opportunities to at least 200 0 people who suffers under poverty. Making their lives more easier.

5.The sate of the environment in South Africa is very bad sadly it is getting worse. Almost all of our resources such as a coal for electricity and water resources are finished. So we are forced to use other more expensive ways to provide electricity and water to people. This is not convenient, because a lot of people in South Africa are poor and cannot afford to make change.

1. Non state Actors

Economic 

Local viewers 

The Conservation 

2. The conservative;

This approach creates alarm about panic of state of an environment. It’s objection is that nature does not need human interference it restores itself. 

-The economic views 

Environment is seen as a commodity that is primary there for selling and buying. The view is seen as an economic asset. The motivation is that nature is an untapped resource that should be exploited to lift people out of poverty .

- The non- state actor view

Objective is that view originates from external interest parties outside of local community. Motivation is a belief in the value of environment that should be protected.

- The local community view

This view is differentiated because it is informed by time, place and individual characteristics as well as power politics. Motivation of approach is influenced by nature of the relationship with the environment .

3. Yes they do. They help us understand South Africa’s nature and how it contributes to the wellbeing. We also get to know things that will help us understand our country’s wellbeing.

4. sustainable development it works along with other countries to advance the theory and practice of ecosystem accounting called nature accounting and evaluation of ecosystem. This show how the issue of nature impacts our society.   

Social justice envy discourses in SA shows us problems we face as a society such as poverty, poor education and unemployment also contribute to these problems.

5. The ecosystem accounting will help provide us with systemic way to measure stock track and report of natural capital. It helps in making South Africa know the problems they should fix 

Buckle says that the environment is an important aspect for the world to grow. The Eastern part of the world grows mainly because of its warm weather. This is the reason why Buckle says that the nature of the environment is important. In the North, it is a bit difficult to get through the cold weather. But in order to get through it, they developed new ideas and became industrious in order to produce enough food. When it comes to South Africa, our climate is very diversified. Let us take for example the Eastern province where the weather is often very warm and there is enough rain to produce plants and food. Because people are considered to be the main reasons for pollution, they are excluded from ecological principles and the pro-development paradigm leads to crisis and environmental degradation. SA for example, like any other country, has a vehicles and factories and people who smoke leading to air pollution which has a negative impact on our o-zone layer

anthropogenic nature of environmental problems

environmental problems are harmful effects on the biophysical environment that are caused by human activities. there are a number of environmental problems, such as the ozone depletion, destruction of natural habitats and the disruption of marine world. all this problems are caused by human activity, for example, in South Africa we use refrigerators and air conditioning systems that require chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in order to function properly. when these chlorofluorocarbons are released into the atmosphere they will reach the ozone layer which protects the earth from the sun's harmful UV light and destroy it because the CFCs are harmful to the ozone. Another example is that of destruction of natural habitats, these include deforestation and water pollution, these are also caused by human activity and can lead to global warming.

The concept of Participatory development is to include all parties from all backgrounds into the development of a state. This is to enable communication between the community and stakeholders. According to Roberts,T (2017) “Participatory development seeks to give the poor a part in initiatives and projects that are designed by outside organizations in the hopes that these projects will be more sustainable and successful by involving local stakeholders in the projects goals.” In having said this each human longs to be a part of a system or structure within society! Thus if our state created initiatives in which enabled the poor to constitute themselves within a system it would create a lot more sustainability as well as self-reliance in and around the poor communities. An investment into education, training, healthcare and food aid could ensure sustainability in and around the poor communities around South Africa. In South Africa we have failed to include the whole community within development due to corruption. This is caused by individuals in whom do not want to enable much power unto the community. Thus because they want to remain in power and they do so by keeping the people uneducated. 

The feminist development theory states that women in the development field are being ignored and they are not given the same treatment and roles as men, this theory has four different approaches under it, namely; Women in development (WID), Women and development (WAD), Gender and development (GAD) and lastly, postmodernism and development (PAD).

Women in development approach - this approach was introduced by Esther Boserup who is against the process of modernization and states that only countries that are economically capable can exploit women. The approach showed that women can also be included in the agricultural sector.

Women and development approach - this approach argues that Women should be included in the modernization process and emphasis the notion that there should be interaction between women and development, rather than them integrating into it. 

Gender and development - this approach looks at the knowledge and barriers gathered from WID and WAD for both men and women, its aim is to ensure that both genders benefit from development.

Postmodernism and development - this approach criticizes WID for seeing women as victims of development and not seeing the diversity of third world women. it emphasizes the fact that every part of the world is different and so are the requirements for women.

I believe the approaches that are most useful in the South African context are the postmodernism and development approach and the gender and development approach because these approaches recognizes the work that both and women put into development and acknowledge that each country is different.

The central idea of the modernization theory is that positive change is possible. The change can be promoted through direction and acceleration of research.

The core tenants of the dependency theory os that resources flow from a peripheral of poor and underdeveloped states to the core of rich states, by enriching the wealthy states.

If you compare these 2 you will see that the modernization theory involves that the increasion of technology will increase wealth through The globe and low income states can follow the wealthier parts. The dependency theory states that wealthier countries wil only benefit from the poor ones leaving them n a cycle of underdeveloping

Development, especially in terms of in a national scale, can be measured and characterised by a variety of phenomena. Herein will lead a brief discussion of four of the characteristics typically presented by countries with, or in developing economies additionally how these may present in the South African context.

Political transformation 

Developing may often be characterised by political change or transformation Khambampati (2004:14). What is meant by this, is that developing countries often exhibit a marked change in political orientation in terms the political freedom its citizens. This is often found in the shifts toward democracy, which in own turns is used as a sort of measuring stick for development, as it is underscored by the political mobility and freedom of the citizenry. In the South African context, this can be seen in the fact that there exists a fully democratic State, democratic elections, and a democratically underscored constitution providing things such as freedom of speech and the prohibiting of censure

Modernisation 

The level of modernisation found in a country is strongly indicative of its level of development Khambampati (2004:13). What this means, is that countries with lower levels of development are characterised by strong traditionally oriented societies’ and social interactions, as well as extra-economic distinctions among its citizens such as class and caste systems strong and linguistic and religious categorisation ideologies. In terms of South Africa, this can be seen to some extent when one looks at the relatively strong class system existing among its citizenry. Although this is base predominantly on socio-economic status, the underlying factors that influence the socio-economic status of South Africans can nonetheless not be excluded from discussion when it comes to the level of modernisation exhibited in our country

Growth and structural change 

Khambampati (2004:13) elaborates growth and structural change as characterised by 1) a substantial proportion of a (developing) country’s population is involved in activities either centring around the primary sector and/or of a non-manufacturing nature, and 2) a large proportion of the GNP is produced within the primary (specifically agricultural) sector. As such, if South Africa were to be regarded as such, there would be a staggering amount of South African working of farms (either commercial or sustenance) and the majority of our country’s Gross Domestic Product would emerge from the primary (agricultural) sector, in stead of the other productive, secondary sectors of the economy

Distributive equity 

Khambampati (2004:13) postulates that the disparities in the distribution of the GDP within economically developed countries are substantially small and relatively equal. As such, distributive equity as indicator of national development in South Africa would (depending on the level of development) either indicate a relatively equal GDP per capita in the case of higher development; or, conversely, a very marginalising distribution of the Gross Domestic product among citizens in the case of lower level of existing development. Incidentally, it is interesting to see that the distribution of a nation’s wealth – when measuring said nation’s level of development, that is – is measured on the basis of continuum, rather than category. This suggests that development (or at least the measuring thereof) is a continuous process rather than a staged one

Conclusion 

Thus, in a brief and rather rudimentary way, the development of a country has been shown as measurable. Instead of sticking to a one-sided ideology of economic growth, GDP and GDP per capita as measurements of development, contemporary thought and academic inquiry may very well expand the view of development as principle to support a more inclusive, holistic perspective – one in which there may be more clear and accurate measurements of not only national development, but human development as a whole.