Name four environmental narratives identified in SA.
•    The conservation view
•    The economist view
•    The non-state actor view
•    Local community views
What is the objective and motivation for each narrative?
-The conversation view has a good objective that sees the environment as a victim that needs to be rescued from ignorant people. However, this objective has a poor process.

The motivation of this narrative is that it advances the need for protection and conservation of natural resources by restricting access to the resource and to ensure that the conservation land is used in a way that benefits the society as a whole (Phajane, 2021).

-The economist view objective views the environment as a commodity that can be bought and sold (Phajane, 2021).
Motivation is that the environment is an untapped resource that should be exploited to lift people out (Phajane, 2021).

-The non-state actor view comes from external interested parties (NGOs, Scholars and scientists) its objective is to exclude the participation of community members.
Motivation is that they believe that human beings must not use the resources for their own benefit and that the environment must be protected and respected.

-The local community views has highly and differentiated views because it is informed by time, place, individual characteristics and circumstances as well as local power politics (Phajane, 2021).
Motivation for this approach is influenced the nature of the relationships with the environment as shaped by the socio-political contexts. This approach sees the environment as an important resource that should be protected because people benefit from it as it provides people with food, shelter, wood and medicinal products (Stewart & Zaaiman, 2015: 516).

Do these narratives contribute to an understanding of SA Environment?
Yes, because they help us to understand how human activities and exploitation damage our nature.

What are the two main environmental discourses in SA according to Steward and Zaaiman?
1 Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It plays an essential role in worldwide environmental policies. Beliefs concerning societal and environmental relationships, such as pursuing development without damaging the environment influence sustainable development. Sustainable development requires corporation, coordination and commitment of all effort to achieve permanent development.

2. Social Justice is the relation of balance between people and society, it is measured by comparing distribution of wealth differences. It explains the problems that local communities face on a daily basis such as poverty, lack of education, unemployment, the how air and water pollution affect the health of people.

The classical environmental theories and their usefulness in the SA context.

Buckle’s classical theory focused on the flourishment of nations. He identified two eras in world history; eastern and northern nations. he stated that eastern nations flourished because of warm climates, rain, and fertile soils.  For example, Limpopo has a warm climate and fertile soils to produce enough food. He also mentioned that northern nations were industrious and innovative to produce enough food and to survive cold weather. In Gauteng, people can produce food in cold weather by using greenhouse technologies that protect crops from harsh climate conditions.

Herbert Spencer's theory focused on the "competition of life", he contended that humans do not only struggle with other species for survival in the natural universe, but with each other in a social universe. He also stated that people who have accumulated in enterprises and markets through clever and ruthless dealings are seen as natural selection products who can drive society further on the path of change.

The anthropogenic nature of environmental problems with   examples from the SA context.

1. Ozone depletion leading to climate change.

The ozone layer is a layer that protects people from the sun's Ultra violet light but it is now depleting due to Styrofoam and air-conditioning, resulting in climate change. For example, South African wind patterns have been altered as a result of ozone depletion, causing high temperatures.

2.Destruction of natural habitats.

Because of population increase and overuse of natural resources, forests, wetlands and oceans are on the verge of extinction, and many animals are in great danger. In South Africa destruction of natural habitats is caused by mining, expansion of urban areas and the transformation of land to agriculture and this has caused SA to lose some of it's important species.

3.Adverse effects on marine life.

Modern industrial fishing has exploited fishing, putting biodiversity at risk. Furthermore, these industries pollute the oceans, causing fish to die. For example, Seals, coastal birds, and large fish are in danger of extinction because of illegal and over fishing in South Africa, especially in the western cape.

4.The decline in fresh water.

Over use of water, pollution, floods water wastage causes a huge decline of fresh water all over the world. However, according to Water wise, water scarcity in South Africa is caused by pollution and the destruction of river catchments which is caused by urbanization, mining and deforestation.

Discuss the concept of participatory development approach and critique with an example from the SA context

Participation development is a means for community members and other stakeholders involved to interact and share knowledge. Beneficiaries are involved in the construction process from the planning stages to the completion of the development intervention. For example, Small Business Development Department (SBDD) programs at the Elgin Learning Foundation (ELF) in Overberg, Western Cape, South Africa, have included participatory community development by analysing group members' participation in the design, execution, and assessments of ELF community projects using qualitative data collected from 40 participants from the community (Mulu & Pineteh,2019:7)

Critical discussion of women in development and development approaches. Which of these approaches are most useful in the SA context

Women in Development (WID)

was established in the early 1970s by a Washington-based network of female development professionals who contended that modernization had distinct effects on men and women, and that rather than promoting women's rights and status, the development process actually harmed them. According to the WID approach women should be included in development programs, in order to improve women's status in society. It "gave a voice" to women and put the topic of gender equality to the forefront of the international regime.

Women and Development Approach (WAD)

It asserted that women were already exploitatively involved into the development process. They were more concerned with the interaction between women and development than with integrating women into development. The WAD focused on the social relationships that exist between men and women, with women constantly performing productive and reproductive roles in their cultures.it saw both women and men not benefiting from the global frameworks because of unequal resource allocation, it promoted the idea that patriarchy requires women's reproduction and reproductive functions to be acknowledged for meaningful change

Women in development (WID) is the most useful approach in South Africa because women were oppressed and had no rights during Apartheid, but after the Women's Chatter called for a single society that respects and enforces women's rights, women were included in development, education, and high-paying jobs (Williams, 2019).

Compare and contrast the core tenets of Modernization and Dependency theories

Modernization is the process by which a country progresses from pre-industrial to post-industrial status. Modernization theorists felt that in order for less developed countries to advance, they must abandon traditional-oriented cultures, which are viewed as backward and delaying the process of modernization. They believe that poor countries are poor because they have yet to develop into modern economies, and that their failure to do so is due to internal issues such as countries' opposition to free market ideas. In contrast, the underdevelopment of Third-world countries is addressed by Dependency theory. It denies the core concept of modernization theory that countries fail to modernize because they lack the values that contribute to modernization in first-world countries. According to the Dependency theory, poor countries are poor because they have been and continue to be exploited by first-world nations, and this exploitation began with colonialism.

Four Factors that constitute development are:

1. Growth and structural change – Growth as well as structural change are needed for growth. Non-manufacturing practices are commonly practiced by a vast number of citizens in developed countries. The primary industry, such as fisheries, forestry, farming, and mining, contributes a significant portion of their GDP. The secondary sector archives the GNP of countries with a medium national income, while the tertiary sector archives the income of highly developed countries with a high income. South Africa's economy is mixed, meaning it is reliant on both primary and secondary industries such as farming, mining, construction, tourism, and banking.

2.Modernization – refers to a gradual transformation from a pre-industrial or conventional culture to a modern society. Traditional countries, according to modernization theory, should be taken to prosperity in the same way as more developed countries have been. We have wireless technology, electric vehicles, and decent roads in South Africa, and some neighboring countries depend on us for energy and coal.

3.Improvements in Education and Health – Development entails meeting human needs, especially those related to education and health. Education and health play an important role in a country's growth, since they are essential for human capital production, accumulation, and development. South Africa, according to Peter Nelson, has created a modern educational infrastructure. It spends more on education as a percentage of GDP than any other African nation, pays tuition fees to needy students (NSFAS), and requires all children to attend primary and secondary school.

4.Demographic transitions – Improvements in hygiene and sanitation contribute to lower mortality rates as a result of growth. South Africa is in stage 3 of the population transformation model, which means that as a result of improving economic conditions and access to contraceptives, mortality and birth rates have declined

Poverty is described by experts as being in the bottom 20% or 40% of the spending distribution. People are poor "when they lack the means to obtain the form of diet, engage in the activities, and have the living conditions and facilities that are customary, or at least generally encouraged and accepted," according to Townsend's description, in the cultures they are a member of ".

They see absolute poverty as including a nutritionally insufficient diet, not one that is inadequate in terms of any socially accepted norm that may be conditioned by fashion and culture, but one that is inadequate to support life, leaving little in reserve for jobs, and clothing and shelter are often seen as necessities for the maintenance of life.