South Africa aspires to be a sustainable, economically prosperous, and self-sufficient nation state that protects its democracy by meeting its people's basic human needs, responsibly managing the country's limited ecological resources for current and future generations, and advancing efficient and effective integrated planning and governance through national, regional, and global collaboration.

A narrative environment is a real or virtual area where stories can be told. A virtual narrative world could serve as the narrative foundation for game play. A physical storytelling setting could be a museum's exhibition area, a retail store's foyer, or the public spaces around a building - in short, anything where stories can be communicated in space.

Environmental discourses are an important part of a regulatory paradigm that may be forming to balance the inherent conflicts in the capital-environment interaction. They characterize discourses as dialectically produced, often fleeting, but often potent codifications of the social relationships that underpin the production and modification of nature. They argue that the goal of such discourses is to facilitate the required degree of certainty and stability in the accumulation process by creating coalitions of interest that support or at the very least do not oppose resource-based development. They specifically refer to the appropriation of sustainability discourses by environmentally destructive industries such as mining and forestry. (Bridge and McManus, 2000: 21)

Classic theory is described as "early advances of environmental studies from the mid-20th century on," while contemporary theory is defined as "instances that have emerged in the previous few decades in response to both intellectual breakthroughs and the ever-changing reality" in its most basic form (Castree et al. 2018, 3).

While there were some obvious discrepancies between the two theories, I discovered some strong linkages between them as I dug deeper into both ideas, which contradicted my initial preconceptions about classical theory. Initially, I viewed classical theory as an antiquated environmental theory that was no longer applicable to the modern world. However, after comparing many of the classics to contemporary theories, I learned that classical theory is frequently the foundation for current contemporary theories, and that without it, researchers would not have been able to generate new theories and research that I value today. The classic theory of sustainable development, for example, seeks to “see ways of regulating economic growth while optimizing the provision of social welfare and environmental protection...search for innovative ways to fuse relatively unlimited forms of economic growth with wealth redistribution and ecological conservation” (Castree et al. 2018, 110). Not only is the concept of sustainable development still very much alive in today's environmental debate, but it has also served as the foundation for many modern theories, such as earth system science and ecosystem services.

Climate change is currently being caused by human activity. Anthropogenic refers to the impact of human activities on nature. Energy-related activities (e.g., fossil fuel burning in the electric utility and transportation sectors), agriculture, land-use change, waste management and treatment operations, and different industrial operations are all examples of anthropogenic causes.

By their very nature, air pollution sources can be divided into three categories: physical, chemical, and biological sources, natural and anthropogenic sources, and climate change-relevant or non-relevant sources. Physical pollution of the atmosphere occurs as a result of energy inputs such as sound and heat. Direct thermal pollution, whether natural or artificial, is the most significant physical pollution source. Heat (caloric input) from industry, households, agriculture, and transportation alters the local climate, and air from the lower atmosphere has a higher local temperature. Indirect thermal pollution occurs in the troposphere as a result of the greenhouse effect, and is linked to chemical anthropogenic pollution and its evolution in relation to greenhouse gases. 

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere is caused by the addition of chemical compounds to natural air constituents, and it can be of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Natural chemical pollution sources, such as volcano eruptions, natural decomposition of organic substances, or fire (naturally occurring), on the other hand, are not of major concern because they are part of the natural environment's equilibrium. However, anthropogenic chemical pollution is a major concern because its sources are increasing in number and concentration with the global human population and our ever-increasing energy demand.

Anthropogenic chemical pollution knows no boundaries, and wherever pollutants are released into the atmosphere, they have an impact on the global environment. The most important sources are the combustion of fossil fuels to generate energy (heat and electricity), major industrial processes (such as the metallurgy or cement/construction industries), and transportation.

A participatory approach is one in which everyone involved in the intervention has a say, either directly or through representation. Members of the target demographic, community officials, interested individuals, and representatives from participating agencies, schools, and other institutions should all be invited to the table. Many low-income or minority individuals and groups, for example, believe that they have no voice in society and that they are not listened to even when their ideas are sought. True involvement entails everyone having a voice that must be heard. Acknowledgement also entails enough respect for another's point of view to disagree with it. Low-income or minority members of a planning team or governing board are sometimes viewed with contempt, as though what they say must be genuine and meaningful. Not only would everyone be heard, but everyone would also be thrashing out ideas and goals and battling with new concepts in a really participatory process. Those with less education and position may require additional support to learn the procedure and believe that their opinions and thoughts are valuable and worth expressing. All of this takes time, but the payoff is enormous.

By integrating local stakeholders in the project goals, participatory development aims to offer the poor a voice in initiatives and projects that are planned by outside organizations, in the hopes of making them more sustainable and successful. The participatory approach is currently being used by South African government departments, local government structures, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to achieve community development and empowerment, with a focus on rural areas. Some legislative laws have been enacted to encourage citizens to participate in programs such as the Local Government's Integrated Development Plan (IDP) and assessment systems, in order to improve the approach. A White Paper on Public Service Delivery Transformation (Batho Pele) was also released to regulate public engagement in determining the nature and quality of services they will receive from government. For years, an agricultural extension approach has been employed as a farmer participation methodology in the agricultural sector.

Modernisation Theory 

Reyes (2001) defines modernisation theory as a theory that uses a systemic method to bring underdeveloped countries to a higher level of growth. The emphasis of Modernisation Theory is cultural change aimed at non-industrialized countries' institutional structures. Although Modernisation Theory emphasizes the role of democratic change in the advancement and climactic improvement of a country's economic status, it also recognizes the importance of social and cultural reforms. It's also worth noting that Modernisation Theory is not the same as development economics, which is the first or fundamental model of development theory.  Modernisation is suitable for political advancement, but it can also be applied to any liberal modernisation ideas that emerged after 1945 and targeted Third World nation-states (Berger 2004). As a result, Modernisation Theory focuses on political change at various levels, including history, sociology, political science in general, and area studies Traditional culture was known for having a narrow selection of products. Such a society was hampered by a misunderstanding of environmental capabilities, as well as a scarcity of technology and specialized equipment, which limited development. It reflected a skewed social classification system with a political emphasis on a single region.  A society enters the era of mass consumption as it recognizes the need for greater protection, welfare, and leisure for its labor force. This results in the provision of extensive private consumption, such as durable goods, as well as a strengthening of the nation's foreign influence.

Dependency Theory 

Dependency Theory (Reyes, 2001) has been proposed as a growth theory that complements Modernisation Theory. It adopts a "revolution of underdeveloped nations paradigm" and incorporates concepts from neo-Marxist theory. The totality of society and social structure periphery are the subject of this theory, which emphasizes the disparities between imperialistic countries in the first world and underdeveloped countries. There are many schools of thought about the relationship between developed and developing countries within Dependency Theory. Between classical Marxist theory and radical Dependency Theory, there are a few main distinctionsThe lack of equity in the “exchange” relationship between the Third World and capitalist countries, for example, is the cause of First World surplus, according to radical Dependency Theory.  This is in direct opposition to what traditional Marxism holds. The root of surplus is thought to be in the capital-labor relation that occurs in "output" itself, according to classical Marxist theory. The major source of assessment is also a point of contention between the two theories. The capitalist mode of production is the only mode of production that Dependency Theory considers. Although the structure of development and underdevelopment in Marxist theory is complex and active, the structure of development and underdevelopment in Dependency Theory is passive and monotonous. While Marxist theory emphasizes capitalist intervention's progressive position in Third World countries, Dependency Theory sees it as the primary cause of their underdevelopment. Dependency Theory differs from Marxist theory in terms of many of these opposing characteristics. Dependency Theory is a school of thought that arose in response to Latin America's dissatisfaction that the commercial benefits promised by neoclassical theory had not materialized. According to this theory, the capitalistic world's economy induces labor unrest, which harms the domestic economies of developing countries. It lowers the rate of economic growth and leads to greater income inequality. It also has a negative impact on the majority of people's well-being. Furthermore, since there is no fundamental equality in the processed products and traded raw materials, the implementation of trade dependence has increasingly divided major and minor countries. This has also resulted in a relatively long-term drop in the price of primary products in comparison to refined goods. 

1. Distribution of income - The distribution of income is a comparison of wealth from various members or groups in a society. It differs from the income distribution in that it looks at the distribution of asset ownership in a society, rather than the current income of members of that society. There are many ways in which the distribution of wealth can be analyzed. One commonly used method is to compare the wealth of the richest ten percent with the wealth of the poorest ten percent. In many societies, the richest ten percent control more than half of the total wealth. The Gini coefficient measures the amount of wealth or income inequality in a society.

2. Demographic Transitions - Looking at our world. It looks like a mess, people are bustling from place to place, moving, integrating, socializing, trading, fighting, changing. It's chaos. But, only if you don't know what to look for. In any system of chaos, there are always underlying patterns that give meaning to all the madness. So how do we find them? One way is through demographics, the statistical analysis of a human population. Demographic studies record birth rates, death rates, relocation's, occupations, health patterns, and a number of other things. 

3. Rural to Urban Migration - Rural to urban migration usually occurs as people look for perceived or actual opportunities that are missing in rural settings but present in large cities. Additionally, the migration takes place as people living in rural areas escape the hostile or unfavorable living conditions. Most urban centers have the majority of wealth, economic activities, and different services as compared to rural areas (Okhankhuele & Opafunso, 2013). On the other hand, rural areas have continuously experienced neglect and degraded environment.

4. Improvements in education and health - One example of this process involves the function of social placement. When most schools begin tracking their students in grade school, the students thought by their teachers to be bright are placed in the faster tracks (especially in reading and arithmetic), while the slower students are placed in the slower tracks; in high school, three common tracks are the college track, vocational track, and general track.

'Society means a shared life. If some and not others are poor, then the principles on which life is shared are at issue: society itself is in question.' (Halsey, 1985).

Poverty is a problematic situation and it is disputed with good reason. Disagreements over how poverty should be conceptualized. Defining and measuring poverty is about finding what is unacceptable in the society and also saying a great deal about the way we would like things to be appropriately applied. Poverty is also political because it relates to the allocated resources and reflects on the past and present policy choices, the ways in which politicians, citizens and expects use the concept of poverty have a very diverse roots in social, political and philosophical communication.

Measuring poverty is essential as a first step in understanding the nature and extent of deprivation, it is clear that there a number of different ways in which poverty has been conceptualized and measured. Poverty has come to a head over the years  in the most recent understanding of the relative nature of poverty built around an essential core of absolute poverty.

Absolute poverty line is used to provide a headcount of the number of people living in poverty, but it is not able to reflect poverty depth or to provide any information on the types of deprivation experienced by  people living in poverty. Therefore an absolute poverty line does not provide any information on levels of inequality in any country. Measures of poverty are easily accessible and transparent to ensure that ordinary people are able to use the measures and understand what the measures reflect, it also reflects a choice of values in both senses of the word. Values that are chosen will reflect the honest commitment to accept that the current levels of poverty need to be urgently addressed. 

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Study Unit 1 Part 2

Feminist theory and Conflict theory  they both deal with stratification and classification ,the conflict theory focuses broadly on the unequal distribution of power and resources. 

Feminist Orientation - Here patriarchy is the cause of many social problems for example physical and sexual abuse against women and gender discrimination. Patriarchy refers to a set of institutional structures (like property rights, access to positions of power, relationship to sources of income) that are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories. Key to patriarchy is what might be called the dominant gender ideology toward sexual differences: the assumption that physiological sex differences between males and females are related to differences in their character, behavior, and ability. These differences are used to justify a gendered division of social roles and inequality in access to rewards, positions of power, and privilege. Gender inequality is not due to women's nature it is the product of self- serving patriarchal beliefs that men created about women's appropriate social roles, capabilities and limitations.

Conflict Orientation - This theory examines society as a competition for limited resources from inequalities based. Examples of conflict orientation are: wars, violence, revolutions, and forms of injustice and discrimination. 
 The basis of conflict ranges from inequalities based  on economic class, race, gender, sexual orientation, or other factors to diffrences of opinion on issues such as abortion or gun ownership.

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Activity 1

Depression (Social Condition)

It can bring about mental health problems that involves a low moods; factors that cause depression is being in an abusive relationship that undermines self-confidence, losing a job, financial struggles and the death of a loved one. Depression is not always preventable, when depressed you have suicidal thoughts and behave weird like trying to harm yourself. Cannot sleep because of appetite changes e.g. eating too much or too little, with depression you can go see a therapist or a psychologist and at all times try to avoid stress and common triggers.

Smash and grab (Social Issue)

The problem is that criminals tend to attack women, single drivers with their (purses, handbags, laptops) on the passenger seat. It is not possible to solve or to prevent smash and grab from happening it is only possible to reduce the risks of becoming the victim by locking all doors and closing the windows when driving, always hide the valuables, keep the car visible and consider window tinting.

Rape (Social Problem)

Rape is sexual assault that involves sexual intercourse for example when someone forces him/herself on another person to have sex without their consent. Rape is not caused by what you wear it is caused by someone who decides to perpetrate a sexual assault on another person.

Fast food (Social Issues)

Eating fast food regularly leads to risk of obesity and chronic illnesses e.g. diabetes and cancer. Fast food contains calories and it is also high in sodium, people need to reduce fast food meals and eat fresh vegetables and fruits that could lead and reduce health risk in future.

HIV/AIDS (Social Condition)

It can be sexually transmitted (unprotected sex), contact with infected blood, semen and vaginal fluids. HIV/AIDS can be solved by getting vaccinated, using protection and getting both sexual partners tested for HIV and STI’s.