The water challenge in South Africa is caused by climate change, droughts and poor management of financial resources at Municipalities, how we manage the ground water is very important,a lot of our water is in dams and rivers , so it evaporates easily when the sun is hot, also people moving to urban Cities and Towns for economic migration, in South Africa many people are poor and many do not have access to electricity or the modern energy supply , it is only available to those who can afford it.

Name the four environmental narratives identified in South Africa

The Conservation view

Preserve nature and maintain the ecosystem.

The economic

People must make a living from the environment

The local community views

The peoples relationship with the environment is guided by the politics of those in power.

Two main environmental discourses in South Africa

Sustainable development

It is defined as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, environmental and social justice.

Environmental and social justice

The rights of people who are treated unfairly , they are powerless workers who do not have Unions , the rights of rural communities.

Sustainability is when we feed ourselves today but also think about future generations that they must still use the same environment to sustain themselves.

what is formal rationalization

This involves making choices based on universal rules , using the most calculating and efficient way to achieve a certain goal.

what is substantive rationalization

This is deciding the best choice of means guided by collective values and norms.

what is metabolic rift

This is the fundamental shift in the relationship between human beings and the environment as it relates to class in society and capitalism.

Environmental problems are serious in nature and a threat to how we live , environmental problems cause global warming and a change in temperatures, they are caused by pollution from the factories which we built,Cape Town recently experienced water crisis in 2018 because of climate change and movement of people(urbanization).

If we continue with environmental problems we will not have a sustainable planet to leave behind , pollution and degradation.

The dominant approach is the participatory development, it is the approach that relies on intergrating and incorporating local communities , it enables communities to participate in their own development and be able to do things that matters most to them, Kings and Local Councillors.

Women had to march in South Africa to attain their freedom , in the year 09 August 1956, the march was lead by Lillian Ngoyi , they were against the past laws as they were unjust and full of prejudice and patriarchy.African women were in the receiving end of this laws,feminists groups were needed, women were not heard(GAD)

Women in development (WID) started in the mid 1970's and focused on the development of women, women wanted to be leaders in their own right.

Postmodernism of Development(PAD) started in 1990's and focused on the development of women ,the feminist approach and development of women, African women were meant to look after kids of their White Counterparts and do their domestic work while African men were supposed to do manual labour in South Africa.most housewives are not happy in their relationships as they feel inferior and are not able to express their talents in business or technology.

Modernization Theory

Modern society , upliftment of social , cultural and economic norms and values, urbanization and improved energy.

Dependency Theory

This theory happens when small Countries like Lesotho and Namibia rely on their European Counterparts , they rely on their assistance for drugs and vaccines and aid as well.

This is caused by underdevelopment.

Factors that constitute development include distribution of income.

When previously disadvantaged people like African women are empowered to do the jobs that were previously reserved for men and they get equal income.

Equality in society , the income gap is reduced and there is economic growth .

Our economy must be industrialized so that the is mass production of goods and services.

Improvements in the level of education , if people are educated they live better and contribute better to the economy by buying, and people are able to develop themselves without waiting for government assistance.

Health and safety also leads to development.

According to Townsend (Townsend, 1979) a family is poor when they no refrigerator , does not have fresh meat as many as in four days a week, also when a family does not afford the basics like medicine and flushing toilet or water tap.

Discussion about conflict and Symbolic interactionist approach

Conflict theory is about class, those who have and those who have not, the means of production , inequality in society , people must have equal opportunities in life , symbolic interactionist suggest that society is orderly and stable , it maintains that part of society is intergrated and that when one part mulfunctions the rest is affected, manifest functions (intended) and latent function (unintended and unrecognised functioalist)