1. South Africa is facing a challenge of water fresh water. This challenge is caused by the mixture of drought, water and feed shortages, poor breeding management practices and limited animal welfare and health. Other factors that pose a challenge of fresh water are poor governance at departmental and municipal levels directly affects the functioning and management of these organisations. this is according to Kohler 2016

South Africa's water challenge is that we have little annual portion of our ground water can be used and there is a lack of  general agreement pertaining the actual drivers of economy wide water intensity changes and optimal politics require to manage water resources.

2. Social justice involves finding the best level of balance between our collective responsibilities as a society and our won responsibilities as individuals to add onto the making of a society that is just. Calmer et al 2011.

3. Rathzel 2018 says that environmental social justice is a type of justice for people who has been left-out during the environmental problems.

4. The wetlands project helps pure water, water provide and manages the water flow in poverty effective areas. This project also helps provide job opportunities to people who suffer under poverty.

5. South Africa's state of environment is not good, almost all resources such as water and electricity are not sufficient so we are forced to use other alternatives which are more expensive to provide electricity and water to people and this is considers to be an injustices to most people since they cannot afford this expensive change.

There are four environmental narratives identified in South Africa which are as follows:

• The Conservative View

The purpose of the conservative environmental narrative is to preserve the nature and maintain its ecosystem.

• The Economic View

The objective is to of people to realize the money that they can make from exploiting the environment and the motive is that nature exists for the financial betterment of people.

• The Non-State Actor View

To protect and respect value of the environment whilst it's motive is to go against the government in their decision making

• The Local Community Views

It narrative believes that people's relationship with the environment is guided by the politics of those in power.

TWO MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL DISCOURSES IN SA.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

It is defined as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs. Its desired outcome is to sustain development, it also emphasis on the participation of the citizen and organisation in all locality.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

The discourse focuses on the rights of the people whoa re treated unfairly, unjustified, insignificant, powerless and voiceless. It also focuses on the rights of the deprived communities according to their class, race, gender, ethnicity and geographical locations.

The Sustainable Development discourse links to the South African policies in the way that the government utilizes it's policy mechanism to get to attain their Sustainable Development goals.

According to Buckle, the environment is a critical factor for nations to flourish and grow. This is why Buckle says that the nature of the environment is important, In the North it is a bit a bit difficult to get through winter or cold weather but for them to get through it, they developed new ideas and became industrious in order to produce enough food. 

So all the environmental problems with societies are resilient because although people need to change their behaviour and  accept the challenges they are faced with. In SA our climate change is very diversified take for instance the Eastern Provinces are always warm even though most citizens use transport that is not eco-friendly. Because of the reason that people are considered to be the the main reason for environmental problems like pollution, they are excluded from ecological principles and it leads to crisis and environmental degration.

NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

Environmental problems are the main cause of society problems, but in most cases humans are the main cause of environmental problems. Some problems are air pollution and climate change. Environmental problems, such as the azone depletion, destruction of natural habitats and the disruption of marine world In South Africa there are wild fires in Cape Town almost yearly, that contributes to the air pollution, if it gets worse than it is already then our azone will disintegrate and we will suffer from the sun.

The Participatory Development Approach and Critique with an SA Example.

The Participatory Development Approach is a developmental process that the participation of the beneficiaries from the inceptives stage to implementation and it is used to collaborate and provide information between community members and the stakeholders. UNESCO's Finding a Voice Project employs ICT for development initiatives. Local content creation and distribution contributes to the formation of local information networks.. An investment into education and training, healthcare and food aid could ensure sustainability in and around the the poor communities around South Africa.

The main argument of the WAD was that women had always been part of the development processes. Women and Development asserts that women were always important economic actors, they work, they do both inside and outside the household is critical to the maintenance of society.

The emergence of WID approach is divided into two approaches. the first one is the Welfare approach which is assumed  that social and economic development would bring change for women. Women were seen as passive beneficiaries of development under this approach. The second approach is the Equity approach where full integration of women was emphasized. here women were seen as active participants of development. WID tended to focus on women almost exclusively and assumed that women were outside the mainstream of development.

The GAD represents the coming together of many feminist ideas, it sort to bring together both the lessons learned from and the limitations of the WID and WAD approaches. it seeks to ensure that both women and men participate in and benefit equally from development and so emphasis equality of benefit and control.

Modernization and Dependency Theories

Modernization theory stands that increases in technology will increase wealth throughout the globe and that low income nations can follow the ways that the wealthier take, modernized nations. It also focuses on the social elements which facilitate social progress and development of societies and further explain the process of social evolution. There are five stages to modernization, the traditional society, preconditions for take off,, take off, maturity and high mass consumption.

The Dependency Theory coincides with the conflict viewpoint as it focuses on ways that poor nations have been wronged by rich nations. It is created as a response to Western centric mindset of modernization theory. it states that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations, exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations which creates a cycle of dependence. as long as low income nations are dependent on core nations for economic stimulus and access to a larger piece of the global economy, they will never achieve stable and consistent economic growth.

Modernisation Theory and Dependency Theory are both approaches that aim to combat the issue of development in Less Developed Countries or Third World Countries. They look and discuss the differences between More Developed Countries and Less Developed countries.

The relationship between developing and developed countries are based on not growing cooperation between them but the dependence of developing countries on developed ones.

Poverty is identified as a relative deprivation due to the fact that poverty is associated and related to the level of income and social living that is seen as average for a society. Expects argue that there are different definitions of poverty.  Other definitions come from expects who have experienced poverty those that have only been exposed to it from a distance.  Mr Townsend believed that poverty should be defined in relation to the standards of a particular time, seeing that society in effect determines peoples needs and what foodstuff are available.

According to Studies in Poverty and Inequality Institution (2007). It is said that  poverty exist as the level of where the income of a person is equal to the amount of money they need in ordeer to make ends meet.

Examples of how poverty can be defined

1. Defined by using the $1 and $2 a day principle. Where those who are on developing countries who live under the $1 are seen or classified as poor.

2. The Poverty Datum Line which is divided into two parts. the primary and the secondary datum line.

Primary Datum Line which consisted solely of the cost of food, clothing, cleansing materials and fuel and light.

Secondary Datum Line which makes provision for the cost of accommodation, transport for the bread winner and taxation.

Poverty can be defined in many different ways. Poverty can also be defined as the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount. Poverty can be caused by a lot factors like education and lack income. Poverty entails more than the lack of income and productive resources to ensure sustainable livelihoods.

On the basis of social, economical and political aspects, there are different ways to identify the type of Poverty: Absolute poverty and Relative poverty and so forth. The culture of poverty is a concept in social theory that asserts the values of people experiencing poverty, it plays a significant role in keeping their weakened condition and sustaining a cycle of poverty across generations. it is a way of explaining why poverty exists.

Research ahs shown that poverty also has benefits. It helps uphold the unorthodox norms in the community. It also serves the community in a voluntary way. Poor people are mostly domisticated which means that domestic work gets done and recycling of goods is also done by the poor in order to obtain income.

COMPARE AND CONTRAST TWO THEORATICAL APPROACHES TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST ORIENTATION- Society is a system of interrelated parts in a way that is balanced. If one part changes too fast, the whole system gets disrupted. Social integration plus adequate socialisation equals to social stability, and that equates to a strong society. Solutions to social problems should take the form of gradual social reform than sudden and far-reaching change. Despite their negative impacts, social problems serve as important  functions for the society. Social problems weaken a society's stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how society is structured.

CONFLICT ORIENTATION- Society is characterized by pervasive inequality based on social class, gender, race and other factors. Successful solutions to social problems must involve far-reaching change in the structure of a society. Far-reaching social change is needed to eliminate social inequality and make a society that is deserving of equal rights and opportunities. Social problems arise from fundamental faults in the structure of a society and both reflect and reinforce inequalities based on social class and other dimensions.