What factors can affect the absorption and spread of sedative-hypnotic drugs?  What is the clinical importance of this?

The lipophyllability (fat solubility), the more lipophilic the faster middle is distributed in body assok is cleaned up.
 

What does redistriation mean and what is its importance?

Due to high lipophyllability, the drugs are fat soluble and therefore quickening is distributed to the surrounding tissues. The drugs move to fat tissue where it causes a "depot" effect and it leads to the slow release light of the drug.
 

How are the BDs metabolized?  Give the different steps in the process.

BD is biotransformed step by step duer liver microsomalous enzymes:
Dealkilering (active metabolites)
Oxidation (Phase 1, cytochrome P450, Akt metabolite molded)
Conjugation (Phase 2, oxyxiated metabolite with glycoonic acid to form inactive metabolite

Which BDs are converted to active metabolites?  What is the importance of this?

Diasepam, Chloroceptate, Prasepam, Chlorine diabetes and Ketasolam, the active metabolite has a very long elimination half-life of 40 hours, it contributes to the longer duration of operation of the drug and the suppression of the SSS.

Which BDs are not dependent on the cytochrome P45 oxidative enzymes for metabolism?  What are the benefits of this?

Oksasepam, Lorasepam, Temasepam and Lormetasepam, it is beneficial in people with reduced cytochrome P450 activity. (e.g. The Elderly, neonate, liver cirrhosis and tinge with P450 enzyme inhibitors)

What is enzyme induction?  Which of the sedatief hypnotic drugs is known for this?  What is the clinical importance of this enzyme induction?

Phenobarbitoon, Carbmamaepine – auto induction, it induces their own metabolism

What does anterograde amnesia mean and what drugs can cause this effect?

Antegograde amnesia is the messy feeling and the inability to remember well during the middle is in your system. 
Benzodiazepines usually cause this effect (triassic >temasepam).
State the effects of sedative hypnotic agents on the normal sleep pattern and explain what is its importance to the patient.

State the effects of sedative hypnotic agents on the normal sleep pattern and explain what is its importance to the patient.

BDs reduce the time to fall asleep and increase total bedtime.
Phase 2 of NREM is increased.
High doses reduce REM sleep.
Duration of phase 4 NREM is reduced.
Zolpidem reduces REM sleep.
Tolerance regarding effects on sleep patterns after 1-2 weeks' use of hypnotics.

Which of the sedatief hypnotics is used as supplementary therapy in anesthesia? Can you explain why?

Barbiturates eg. Thiopental and Methohexital.
Diazepam, Lorazepam and Midazolam.
The drugs are very lipid soluble i.e. it penetrates the brain tissue very quickly when administered IV. It also has a short working duration, so patient quickly recovers from anaesthesia.
 

Which of the sedatief hypnotics are used as anticonvulsants?

High Doses of Barbiturates: Phenobarbital (Phenobarbittoon) and Metharbital
Certain BDs: Klonasepam, Klobasam, Diasepam and Lorasepam.
What is the mechanism of the muscle-relaxing effects of some of the carbamates and the BDs?

This inhibits polysynaptic reflexes. At high doses, transmission at the skeletal neuromuscular junction is suppressed, this leads to muscle relaxation.

Discuss the effects of the sedatief hypnotics on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

Respiratory: Suppression of the medullary respiratory centre is the cause of death if an overdose of sedatief hypnotics is taken.
Cardiovascular: Myocardial contractility is suppressed by the SSS in toxic doses.