The legal age for drinking alcohol in South Africa is 18. As it is always stated in advertisements either on tv, radio, magazine or anywhere  "Not for sale for persons under the age of 18, drink responsibly". I greet you all my name is Karabo Dipela and I am a public health pharmacist. Alcohol intake mostly affects the liver and kidneys which is one of the most important organs required for functioning in your body . Alcohol has unpleasant effects in your CNS system. The CNS in this case I will be referring to the brain. If you are of legal age and you're a drinker then you should know that alcohol should be drank to a limit -Do not abuse alcohol cause it has unpleasant effects such as liver impairment(like I mentioned that the liver and kidneys are  your most important organs needed for functioning), causes sedation, nausea, vomiting, seizures and many more effects. Alcohol in the body reaches blood alcohol concentration with varying unpleasant effects that get fatal. The lowest BAC can be 50-100mg/dL with sedation, slower reaction time as effects and the highest BAC >400mg/dL can lead to complete destruction of your breathing which will lead to death. The BAC is different for every person. So there is never a "safe amount of glasses to drink" . As an individual you are developing a problem if you drink everyday(so when you're not fine emotionally you drink, you start to develop a problem when you resort to drinking when you have stress or can't deal with anything without being intoxicated. Seek help immediately. If you also see a friend or someone having a problem with controlling their alcohol intake,help that person by speaking to him/her and letting them realise they have a serious alcohol abuse that must be dealt with. 

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that serves to alert an individual to actual or potential tissue damage. Pain can be caused by exposure to harmful chemical, mechanical or thermal(heat) stimuli (e.g., acids, pressure, extreme heat) or by the presence of a pathologic process (e.g., a tumor, muscle spasm, inflammation, nerve damage... ). Different people experience pain differently because of the pathways and the type of stimuli people get. Nociceptors are sensory neurons that responds to the stimulus and as mentioned above every single person perceives the stimulus in experiences this in ways that differ. An impaired nociceptor can lead to an individual not reacting to the stimulus and thus not doing anything to remove or solve the harmful exposure that causes the pain as a result the individual endures the pain whereas in an individual with nociceptors working to detect the stimulus the pain is felt or experienced at a greater extend. The management of pain is to relieve pain  by the use analgesics for acute and chronic pain. A referral is made when the patient doesn't react to the strongest analgesics where all weak acting to moderate and strong acting analgesics have been indicated for therapy.

1. Which types of ion channels are found on the nerve cell membrane?

• Voltage-gated ion channel
• Ligand-gated ion channel

2. Name 3 differences between voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels.

Voltage-gated ions occur due to changes(imbalances) of membrane potential, transmits signal from cell body to nerve terminal and has ions therefor there are ion channels that regulate the membrane potential. Ligand-gated ions involves binding of ligand(such as a neurotransmitter) to an ion channel, converts extracellular chemical signals into electrical information and can be either ionotropic or metabotropic according to their actions.

3. Compare ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

Ionotropic receptors are responsible for opening of ion channels directly to induce an effect and metabotropic undergoes metabolic changes for 2nd messages to be activated to then induce an effect.

4. Classify the CNS receptors into ionotropic and metabotropic and know the transduction mechanism of each receptor

5. Explain the difference between an EPSP and an IPSP and give examples of each.

An excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) is a depolarizing current that causes membrane potential to become more positive and closer to threshold example: GABA and benzodiazepines.

An inhibitory post synaptic potential (IPSP) is a hyperpolarizing current that causes membrane potential to become more negative and further away from the threshold. 5-HT₃ and nicotine

6. What is the role of calcium in the development of a synaptic potential?

Calcium acts a source of mineral which is essential for inducing  an action potential.