The best theory that would fit south africa would be the women in development approach and the gender and development approach. The WID would be beneficial for south africans because most woman in south africa dont have a voice, woman in south africa are left out of research, practice and policy which they dont benefit fully in worst case scenario  their status was made worse by development. Multiple woman are excluded in many political and traditional activities. According to Boserup she argued that more gender policies by national governments and international agencies might correct earlier mistakes. Even though the theory faces a lot of restrictions it increased the visibility  of women in development. 

Human do have a negative a negative impact on the environment, as much as the environment serves as a provider there are numerous things human do that are environmental from nature. Humans always take from nature but never give back. Farming activities is detrimental to the soil as it erodes the tope soil. Pesticides and fertilisers  end up  in rivers and this promotes algae and eutrophication also aquatic plants and therefore traps oxygen in the ocean leading to the death of many aquatic animals. Such things ad the ozone layer, the ozone layer which protects people from the harmful sun rays is depleting or rather has holes due to CFCs which is detrimental to the ozone layer.

According to Kohle(2016) he defines water challenge as South Africa doesn’t receive much annual rainfall which then makes it the 30th driest country in the world. It precipitation is 450 mm just covers half of the world average of 860 mm. the country faces sometimes long lasting droughts. The country is made out of hard rock and therefore approximately 20% of ground water can be used 

According to Sarkodie and Adams(2020) income inequality had a negative impact on access to electricity research indicates that achieving energy justice is a problem in countrys such-as south africa due to high levels of corruption. Whilst those with high income can afford access  to electricity 

social justice according to calma(2011) social justice is to seek balance between our joint responsibilities as a society and our responsibilities as people to contribute to a joint society

according to Rathzel environmental social justice is a term which aims to address equity and fairness linked to injustice that stem from environmental problems the wettland program alleviated pocerty by employing people. The program grow an opportunity for those who unemployed to enter the labour market by providing income tertiary and qualification worker’s would be employed in a period of 24 month in a period of five years

participatory development is the approach where there programmes, organisation or projects where the poor can participate is such organisations to help build a society and to build their own capacity and self reliance

referring to the south african context people will learn how to grow their own vegetables or make their own garden in a huge piece of land and by doing that they then provide food for themselves and for the community and by doing that they also save a lot of money than having to spend that money in grocery store.

participatory organisation, people in the community form groups and participate in the development. there is a disadvantage to such an organisation because there are elite people in the community and end up taking control over the organisation therefore the community end up not participating to such development 

modernisation is the process of soicla,economic and cultural transformation better it structures the underdeveloped countries and they more like more developed countries countries such as western europe and the north americans. the theory is about the modernization of less developed countries, if they were to loose or let go of their traditions. according to the modernization theory things are seen as things that hinders a countries modernisation.  the modernization says that poor countries are poor due to the facts that they haven't or are about to develop into modern economies

the dependency theory means that resources slow from a poor country or underdeveloped country to a more developed country, meaning that the other is getting richer in the expense of the other. the development of the more developed countries could have a negative effect to the less developed country. the dependency theory pays attention to the external variables other than the internal comparing to the modernisation theory. the dependency theory identifies the metopholic meaning countries which exploits the less developed countries for the material/resouces and satallite meaning the poorer region which are suppliers of resources

both theories talks or are about development and both theories try to explain why some countries are not as developed as the wester europe and nothern america, also the theories try to provide solutions on how the less developed counties could become as the more developed countries

1. political transformation

political growth includes economic and socio-cultural growth, political transformation result into economics growth. the ruling party in south africa fails to accomplish economics growth there is corruption amongst are leaders/government officials  instead of the economy growing it's decreasing in an alarming rate. due to the on going corruption amongst our leaders no this discourage public participation or socio cultural growth 

2. improvement in education and health

the quality of of basic education in south africa  specifically in the public sector it is very poor this is restricted to geographical settings or settlements such as in the rural areas, better or quality education means a brighter future for the youth or pupils, the quality of health care service in the public sector in south africa is not of quality an also not the best, in this case you find some south africans which will prefer not to go to the clinic due to the lack of service and prefer to stay at home and rely on herbs or home remedies a lack of quality health care shortens a countries life expectancy

3.  rural and urban migration

due to the change in the labour markets in the urban industries there is an increament in migration and in south africa we find young people, including adults migration to the urban parts of the south africa  wanting to improve their individuals, in hopes of finding jobs but sometimes that 's not the case, people migrating to urban areas in south africa end up not finding a job than they not fall into poverty which then increase criminal activities in that particular city.  

4. demographic transitions

demographic means improvement in hygiene and socialization leading to lower death rates in the rural parts of south africa. some places don't even have toilets, there are swamps and the sewage is always running down the streets. this could lead to diseases some places don't even have clean water

the definition of poverty 

(K. Phajane; 2021) most definitions relating to poverty are measured by an income of a household, those who fall under the income threshold are perceived as poor. according to Peter Townsand he defines  poverty depreciation approach, depreciation shouldn't be only perceived in materialistic terms but also include social exclusion rom the ordinary patterns customs and activities of society. (Townand,; 1979) individual poverty is when hey don't have the resources to maintain types of diet, participate by the average individual or family that they are in affect exclude from the ordinary patterns, customs and active

depreciation is the effect of lacking an income and other resources which can b seen as living poverty. social exclusion forefronts an individual ability to take part in social, economic, political and cultural life including their relationship with others. There are multiple factors of social exclusion such as age, disability, ethnicity and gender. levitas et.al (2007) defines social exclusion as a complex and multi dimensions process. it's the  lack of resources, rights, goods and services and not being able to participate in the normal relationship and activities available to most people. poverty most negative effect effect on  social relationships