according to the Murphy, the society is relying on 'expects' such as scientists to execute and perform services for society. there are problems that developing countries face such as water shortage. in the S.A situation water seem to be a problem. mostly, the rural areas do not have access  to clean water and some places there is no free quantity, in these places they need to make sure that they store water just in case there is a water shortage, this happens because they do not have or get the same quantity of water as some places. the accessibility of water is a serious situation and problem in South Africa. the dynamics includes groups with interests which are stakeholders such as activists groups, the community groups, the government, and the politicians. there are many important environmental problems, Ozone depletion leading to climate change, in South Africa there are many factrories or companies that are using gas to manufacture their products and that is adding to the Ozone depletion which is leading to the climate change 

it has been stated that since in the 1980s until now, it has become clear that many problems for the society originate from environmental problems, and the problems that are in the environment come from the society. sociology can give us an insight into how patterns of human behaviour create pressure on the natural environment and it is transforming it. some events or activities are not directly influenced by indirectly through pollution, that results in global warming and through that, the climate change which can result in severe climatic conditions (severe  droughts, storm, the heat, and the cold). some of the sociological theories of capitalists expansion, globalization, rationalisation give perception on the negative effect of society on the environment. the meaning of nature has changed over time along with the development of societies. Nature is seen as an obstacle in a way that the society had to tame and master in order to make progress, to some; not so, nature should be protected from the society. from the 1950s onwards nature was reconceptualised as the environment: natural environment or surroundings within which human beings exists. sociology gives us a perception into how patterns of human behaviour create pressure on the natural environment problem, such as destruction of natural habitats, the decline in freshwater, wetlands, coral reefs, the ocean bottoms are being destroyed. reason for destruction include population growth which has led to deforestation in the amazon and elsewhere, and the use of harmful products by human pollute air, water, soil, and pollution. 

Another form of the humanist paradigms or alternative theories to development is known as the participatory development. this approach allow the society to build their own capacity and self-reliance, it also permits grassroots (or basic) people to become partners in the development. Participation is used as a tool to collaborate and issue out information between the members of the community and all the stakeholders that are involved. In participatory organization it is explained that community groups themselves initiate and take part in the developmental effort, for example, community co-operative, even though these groups are facing too much red- tape. an example from the S.A context is as follows: in many townships locations there are community members  that decide to form an initiative to volunteer or co-operate in the community for patrolling and being on the lookout for the criminals that try to do burglary or any sorts of crime in the community. this initiative group is known as the CPFs and they work under the police (SAPS)  so this means that they are facing a lot of red-tape because even if they see someone who is committing any kind of crime they are not allowed to arrest that person or take the law into their hands since they do not have the authority to do so, however they can take the perpetrator and hand him/ her to the police. so this means that the community co-operatives need to adhere to the official rules and officials.

women are often not included when it comes to the implementation of development initiatives. Feminist development theory has in several guises been the principal advocate for placing gender as a category and issue on the developmental agenda. there are four types of feminists on the developmental approaches which are known as the Women in development (WID), women and development (WAD), gender and development (GAD),  and the postmodernism and development (PAD). One of the approaches that I am going to write about in relation to the context of South Africa is the women in development (WID), the WID approach contended for the incorporation of women in the development programmes to improve women's positions  in the society. relating to this approach to the S.A context; women in the 21st century in South Africa were exposed to lot of opportunities. in the  the past few years lot of women took space in the parliament, lot of women became counselors, MEC's directors for TV shows. WID approach argues that women should be accorded equal access o tp resources and basic needs in order to better their economic independence, most importantly the provision of more equitable opportunities when it comes to education and employment. The WID  approach has worked in favour for South African women. another approach that one will write about is the gender and development (GAD). The GAD approach focused on the impact of development on both women and men. it focuses on ensuring that both men and women participate and benefits equally. from development. in South Africa both genders are now being given equal opportunities when it comes to the basic needs (grant money, medical attention, and job opportunities).  

modernisation is a procedure of social, economic, and cultural transformation in a way that a country evolves from the pre-industrial or the underdeveloped status to a modern society. The theorists of modernisation believe that the underdeveloped countries (less developed countries) LCDs are to be developed they need to let go of the tradition-oriented cultures, they believe that they are hindering the process of modernisation. According to Rostow's modernisation theory countries have to follow stages, and the stages are as follows: the traditional society, pre-conditions to take off, take off, the drive to maturity, high mass consumption. the modernisation theory explains that all the societies starts from a traditional underdeveloped and then the societies go through the transformation of development for them to be fully developed. underdevelopment is viewed as the initial condition of the LCDs and for countries to become MCDs they have to adopt and repeat the experiences of the MCDs or the north.  dependency theory was originated in 1960 as the result of the failure of the modernisation theory to address the underdevelopment of the third world countries. the dependency theory that was popular in the 1960s and the 1970s is still a useful tool for explaining global inequalities despite the challenges of the 21st century. the dependence theory focused on the origins and subsequent development of the underdevelopment. the dependence promote that all the contemporary societies are integrated into a single world economic system which is capitalist. the theorists of the dependency maintain that the third world counties are poor because they have been and continue to be used by the first world countries and this exploitation evolved from colonisation

There are many factors that are named the can constitute the development. The factors that one is going to be discussing are as follows; growth and structural change, rural to urban migration, improvement in health and education. demographic transition. Growth and structural change development growth as well as the structural change. There are economy's activities which are from the primary sector, to the secondary sector, up until to the tertiary sector. the primary sector provide us with the raw products or material from the nature. e.g, farming and fishing. secondary sector provides us with the manufactured products such as using energy (from the nature) by using the windmill to produce the electricity. the tertiary sector provide us with the final products. Rural to urban migration, people are leaving the rural areas because life in the urban areas life is moving much fast than in the rural areas, most job opportunities are found in the urban areas. Some schools in the urban areas are better than the schools in the rural areas. schools in the urban areas have proper classrooms and some schools are using laptops and connecting to the Wi-Fi when they are learning. many people are moving to the urban areas for better job opportunities and better access to education . Improvement in education and health; education and health play a potential role in the development of the country. when education is prioritised in the country it can play a huge role when it comes to development of the country. if people can get proper education, chances are that people can get employed instantly because of the high quality of education. proper health ensures longer life. Demographic transitions, the improvements in the hygiene and sanitation can lead to lower deaths rates.

The experts define  poverty as the standards of a particular society at a particular time. Another way that the experts use to define what is poverty is by observing if families, individuals or a group in population can participate in certain activities, or do they lack resources to obtain the types of diet and if they have living conditions. Poverty is a condition which an individual or community lack the financial resources for a minimum standard of living, it also means that the income level of an individual is low in a way that basic needs cannot be fulfilled or met. 

People who fall under poverty are people who cannot afford basic needs that are needed to survive such as food, hygiene and sanitary products, clean water, etc. Most of the people who are experiencing poverty or who are living under poverty usually worry where the next meal is going to come from. People who are experiencing poverty, most of them are living with a hand to mouth to mouth, and some of them depend on the food donations that are usually done for the poor communities. 

There are lots of ways of defining what is poverty. In accordance with this paper, poverty is an extreme state of being poor. it is a state of not being able to afford the basic needs. The minimum budget standard aim to establish the budget necessary for different types of households to maintain a minimum standards of living. The aim for minimum is to determine how much or what does it cost to meet standard on food, good, services, and activities. The individuals and the community may benefit from poverty with the recycling contributions. For example, in some communities there are days where the people who are recycling would come to pick the recyclable material such as (cans, glass bottles, plastic material, boxes). The people who pick up the recyclable material are individuals that are benefiting, and the community benefits from poverty in a way that the streets are kept clean since the dirt (recyclable material) is picked up. Individuals and the community may benefit from poverty because there are projects that are usually done for giving people who are unemployed and living under poverty opportunities to work under some project just to earn some sort of income and gain some work experience. some people are chronically poor while others are transiently poor. Poverty is related to poverty yet, distinct from inequality. There are drives of poverty which includes lack of inclusive, growth and jobs and low wages, limited opportunities, inequalities and poor governance. 

These two theoretical approaches are not that much contrast from each other. The structural functionalist orientation uses a large or broad level of orientation. The structural functionalist theory views the society as the structure with connected parts that are created to meet the social needs of individuals from that society. The conflict orientation theory points out that there are unequal groups in the society and that those groups have different and conflicting values, agendas and norms and other factors that cause them to compete against each other. Comparing the two; in the conflict orientation theory the society characterised by common (or pervasive) inequality that is based on the social classes, race, gender, and many other factors. While in the structural functionalist orientation the society is viewed as the system of related parts in the dynamic equilibrium, because if one part changes too fast then the whole system will be disrupted. 

In contrast, in the structural functionalist orientation theory the society's social institutions perform important functions to help insure social stability. In the conflict orientation theory the dominant and subordinates group end up in conflict for valued and scarce resources, and reflect and reinforce inequalities based on social classes, race, gender, etc. While in the structural functionalist view the social problems weakens a society's stability but do not reflect fundamental faults in how the society is structured. 

1. depression: 

depression is not a social problem, but it can be caused by what we face a society. depression attacks us individually not as a society. we cannot convince the government to spend and take actions into addressing it, but awareness can be done. 

2. smash-and-grab: 

it is a social problem because the attackers are always out there to victimize people by grabbing and taking their personal belongings. one of the reasons why it is a social problems it is because lot of people are being negatively affected by this smash-and-grab. the cause of this social problem it can be unemployment because people are trying to get some sort of income. 

3. rape: 

 rape is a social problem because a lot of people  are getting affected by this social problem. many people have been raped and that messes up with their mental health for a very long time. even if someone in the society has never been raped it somehow becomes disturbing hearing that someone has been raped. The perpetrators do not even get sentenced or do not even get arrested. 

4. fast food: 

fast food is a social problem because people get to go through obesity and chronic diseases because. workers at the outlet get underpaid and their work pressure is too much. some religions think that it is very cruel to slaughter animals just to produce fast food. so fast food it is a social problem since lots of people are being negatively affected. 

5. HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS is a social problem because a number of people being infected keeps on increasing every year. some people get sick because of HIV/AIDS to a point that people become absent in the workplace, and the business becomes slow because someone need to cover that person's work.